Momwe Mungasankhire Zolemba Zachuma za Kampani

1. Kumvetsetsa Zoyambira Zachuma

Kulowa mu dziko la kusanthula zachuma, munthu ayenera choyamba kumvetsa dongosolo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za ndondomeko zachuma. Amakhala ngati maziko a kusanthula kwamakampani, akupereka chithunzithunzi cha thanzi lazachuma ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.

The bwino pepala, yoyamba mwa zikalata zofunika kwambirizi, imapereka chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa kampani, ngongole zake, ndi ndalama zake panthawi inayake. Katundu amaphatikiza zonse zomwe kampani ili nayo, kuyambira ndalama ndi zosungira mpaka katundu ndi zida. Ngongole, kumbali ina, zimayimira zomwe kampaniyo ili nayo, kuphatikiza ngongole, maakaunti omwe amalipidwa, ndi ngongole zanthawi yayitali. Kusiyana pakati pa katundu ndi mangawa kumatipatsa mwayi wakampani, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa kuti equity.

Kenako pakubwera ndondomeko ya ndalama. Chikalatachi chikuwonetsa ndalama zomwe kampaniyo idapeza, ndalama zake, komanso ndalama zomwe kampaniyo idagwiritsa ntchito pakapita nthawi, ndikuwonetsa bwino phindu la kampaniyo. Ndalama, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti mzere wapamwamba, zimachokera ku ntchito zazikulu zamakampani. Ndalama ndi zowonongera, zochotsedwa ku ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa, zimaphatikizapo mtengo wa katundu wogulitsidwa, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, misonkho, ndi chiwongoladzanja. Chiwerengero chomaliza, ndalama zonse, nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri, ndipo zimasonyeza phindu la kampani.

Mawu ofunikira achitatu ndi ndondomeko ya cash flow. Mosiyana ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama, yomwe ingakhudzidwe ndi machitidwe owerengera ndalama, ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka ndalama imapereka malingaliro omveka bwino a ndalama zomwe kampani imapanga komanso kumene ikugwiritsira ntchito. Imagawidwa m'magawo atatu: ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ntchito zogulitsa ndalama, ndi ntchito zachuma.

• Zochita kuphatikizirapo zotsatira za ndalama zomwe zimapanga ndalama ndi zowononga. Imatiuza ndalama zomwe bizinesi yayikulu imapanga.
• Zochita ndalama zikuwonetsa zomwe kampaniyo idagula ndikugulitsa katundu wanthawi yayitali, monga katundu ndi zida.
• Zochita zachuma wonetsani kutuluka kwa ndalama kuchokera ndi kupita kuzinthu zakunja, monga obwereketsa, osunga ndalama, ndi omwe ali ndi masheya.

Kumvetsetsa ziganizo zitatu zandalamazi ndikofunikira pakuwunika momwe kampani ikuyendera. Amapereka deta yaiwisi yomwe idzagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuwunika kuchuluka kwachuma, kusanthula kwamachitidwe, ndi kufananiza kwamakampani, pakati pa ena. Tsamba la ndalama limasonyeza zomwe kampani ili nayo ndi ngongole, ndondomeko ya ndalama imasonyeza phindu la ntchitoyo, ndipo ndondomeko ya ndalama imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikupangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

1.1. Tanthauzo ndi Kufunika kwa Ndemanga Zachuma

M'dziko lazamalonda, a mawu azachuma amafanana ndi moyo wa kampani. Ndi chikalata chofunikira chomwe chimapereka traders ndi chithunzithunzi chokwanira chaumoyo wamakampani. Koma kodi ndondomeko ya ndalama n’chiyani, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani ili yofunika kwambiri?

Ndemanga yazachuma, m'njira yosavuta kwambiri, ndi mbiri yatsatanetsatane yamakampani azachuma. Zimagawidwa m'zigawo zitatu zazikulu: banki, ndondomeko ya ndalama, ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama.

The bwino pepala imapereka chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa kampani, ngongole, ndi eni ake omwe ali ndi masheya panthawi inayake. Zimapereka tradeKumvetsetsa zomwe kampani ili nayo ndi ngongole, komanso ndalama zomwe eni ake amagawana nawo.

The ndondomeko ya ndalama zikuwonetsa ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza, ndalama zake, ndi zomwe zimawononga pakanthawi. Mawu awa ndi ofunikira kwa traders monga zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha phindu la kampani, kapena kusowa kwake.

The ndondomeko ya cash flow, kumbali ina, imasonyeza momwe kusintha kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama ndi ndalama kumakhudzira ndalama ndi ndalama zofanana. Imagawaniza kusanthula kuzinthu zoyendetsera ntchito, ndalama, ndi ndalama.

Ndi zigawo zitatu izi, ndondomeko ya zachuma imapereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha momwe kampani ikugwirira ntchito. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira?

Kufunika kwa ndondomeko zachuma sikunganenedwe mopambanitsa. Amakhala ngati chida chofunikira kwambiri traders kupanga zisankho mwanzeru. Posanthula ndondomeko yazachuma ya kampani, traders akhoza kuwunika phindu la kampani, malire, solvency, ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Kupyolera mu ndondomeko zachuma, traders amatha kuzindikira momwe kampani ikugwirira ntchito pazachuma, kuneneratu zomwe zidzachitike m'tsogolo, ndikuyerekeza ndi makampani ena omwe ali mumakampani omwewo. Atha kuzindikiranso mbendera zofiira zomwe zingachitike, monga kuchuluka kwa ngongole kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zingasonyeze zomwe zili mkati mwa kampaniyo.

Choncho, ngati traders, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa tanthauzo ndi kufunikira kwa zikalata zachuma. Sizolemba chabe zodzazidwa ndi manambala, koma zida zamphamvu zomwe zingakuthandizeni kupanga zisankho zanzeru komanso zanzeru zamalonda.

1.2. Zigawo Zofunikira za Ndemanga Zachuma

Mukamalowa m'mabuku azachuma, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapanga zolembazi.

The Mapepala Oyesa, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti statement of financial position, imapereka chithunzithunzi cha thanzi la kampani pa nthawi yake. Lagawidwa m'zigawo zitatu zazikulu: katundu, ngongole, ndi equity's equity. Zosowa ndi chuma cha kampani, chomwe chingabweretse phindu lachuma m'tsogolomu. Zolakwa kuyimira udindo wachitatu maphwando, pamene Equity 'Equity ndi chiwongola dzanja chotsalira pa katundu wa kampani pambuyo pochotsa ngongole.

Kenako, tili ndi Chiwerengero Chuma. Chikalatachi chikufotokoza mwachidule ndalama zomwe kampani imapeza, ndalama zake, ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakanthawi inayake. Zimayamba ndi ndalama zonse, zimachotsa mtengo wa katundu wogulitsidwa (COGS) kuti ufike pa phindu lonse. Titachotsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, chiwongola dzanja, ndi misonkho, timapeza ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza, yomwe ili phindu kapena kutayika kwa kampani panthawiyi.

The Ndondomeko Yoyenda Ndalama ndi chinthu china chofunikira. Limapereka chidziwitso chokhudza ma risiti a ndalama za kampani ndi kulipira ndalama panthawi yowerengera ndalama. Imagawidwa m'magawo atatu: ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ntchito zoyika ndalama, ndi ntchito zandalama.

Pomaliza, pali Statement of Change in Equity. Limapereka lipoti latsatanetsatane lakusintha kwachuma chakampani munthawi inayake. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga ndalama zoperekedwa, ndalama zosungidwa, ndi nkhokwe zina.

Posanthula ziganizozi, ndikofunikira kuti musamangoyang'ana ziwerengerozo koma kumvetsetsa nkhani yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake. Mwachitsanzo, kupeza ndalama zambiri kumakhala chizindikiro chabwino, koma ngati kumabwera chifukwa chopeza nthawi imodzi komanso osabweranso, sikungakhale kokhazikika pakapita nthawi. Momwemonso, kampani yomwe ili ndi katundu wambiri komanso ngongole zambiri sizingakhale zokhazikika pazachuma momwe zimawonekera.

Kumvetsetsa zigawo zazikuluzikuluzi ndi kuyanjana kwawo ndikofunikira pakuwunika thanzi lamakampani ndikupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino zamalonda.

2. Kusanthula Ndemanga Zachuma

Kulowa mu mtima wa kusanthula ndondomeko zachuma, tikupeza kuti tikuyenda mafunde achisokonezo Mapepala osamala, Zolemba Zopezandipo Ndemanga za Kuyenda kwa Cash. Chilichonse mwa zolembedwazi chimapereka lingaliro lapadera pazachuma cha kampani, ndipo kuzimvetsetsa ndikofunikira popanga zisankho zamalonda mwanzeru.

The Mapepala Oyesa zikufanana ndi chithunzithunzi cha momwe kampani ilili pazachuma panthawi inayake. Imalongosola mwatsatanetsatane katundu wa kampaniyo, mangawa, ndi equity ya eni ake, ikupereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha zomwe kampani ili ndi ngongole, komanso ndalama zomwe eni ake amagawana. Posanthula balance sheet, traders ayenera kusamala kwambiri za kampani Kusintha Kwatsopano (katundu wamakono wogawidwa ndi ngongole zomwe zilipo panopa), zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso pa luso la kampani yolipira ngongole zake kwakanthawi kochepa.

Kenako pakubwera Chiwerengero Chuma, mbiri ya phindu la kampani pa nthawi yodziwika. Imawonetsa ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza, ndalama zake, ndi zowononga zomwe zimafika pachimake pa ndalama zonse. Traders iyenera kuyang'anitsitsa momwe ndalama zikukulirakulira komanso ndalama zonse, komanso mtengo wazinthu zogulitsidwa (COGS) ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Chiŵerengero chachikulu chounika apa ndi phindu mmphepete (ndalama zonse zogawidwa ndi ndalama zonse), zomwe zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa phindu lomwe limapangidwa pa dola iliyonse yogulitsa.

Gawo lomaliza la chithunzithunzi chandalama ichi ndi Ndondomeko Yoyenda Ndalama. Chikalatachi chikuwonetsa momwe kusintha kwamaakaunti a balance sheet ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza kumakhudzira ndalama ndi zofananira ndindalama, ndikuphwanya kusanthula mpaka kukugwira ntchito, kuyika ndalama, ndi ndalama. Za traders, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kampani ikhoza kuwonetsa phindu pazopeza ndalama, koma kukhalabe m'mavuto ngati ndalama zawo sizikuyenda bwino.

• Zochita: Gawoli likuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera kubizinesi yayikulu yakampani. Imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu kapena ntchito zakampani.
• Zochita Zamalonda: Gawoli likuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogulitsa zinthu, komanso ndalama zomwe zimatuluka pogulitsa mabizinesi ena, zida, kapena katundu wanthawi yayitali.
• Zochita Zachuma: Gawoli limapereka ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikulandilidwa kuchokera kunja, monga obwereketsa, osunga ndalama, ndi omwe ali ndi masheya.

Metric yovuta ndi iyi Kuyenda Kwaulere Kwa Cash (ndalama zochokera kuzinthu zogwirira ntchito kuchotsera ndalama zazikulu), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe kampani yatsala kuti ikulitse bizinesi yake kapena kubwereranso kwa eni ake masheya itatha kulipira ndalama zake ndikuyika ndalama zofunika pabizinesi yake.

Ngakhale kuti njirayi ingawoneke ngati yovuta, kumvetsetsa ziganizo zitatu zachuma izi ndi magawo ofunikira omwe amachokera kwa iwo ndi luso lofunikira kwa aliyense. trader. Zimapereka zenera lofunika kwambiri pazachuma cha kampani, kupatsa mphamvu traders kupanga zisankho zanzeru komanso zopindulitsa.

2.1. Kusanthula kwa Ratio

Pankhani yowunika zachuma, kugwiritsa ntchito Kusanthula kwa Ratio ndi chida champhamvu chomwe chingapereke tradeNdikuyang'ana mozama, mwachidziwitso pakuchita kwa kampani. Njira iyi ndi yofanana ndi galasi lokulitsa lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wowunika momwe kampani ikuyendera, ndikuchotsa zigawo kuti muwulule thanzi labizinesiyo.

Ratio Analysis imaphatikizanso kufananitsa zinthu zamzere muzolemba zandalama zakampani. Ziwerengerozi zitha kugawidwa mokulira mumitundu isanu, iliyonse imagwira ntchito yake:

• Magawo Amadzimadzi: Ziwerengerozi zimayezera kuthekera kwa kampani kukwaniritsa zomwe ikuyenera kwakanthawi kochepa. Zimaphatikizapo Current Ratio ndi Quick Ratio.
• Magawo a Solvency: Mawerengedwe a ngongole, monga Debt to Equity Ratio, amapereka chidziwitso cha luso la kampani kukwaniritsa zomwe liyenera kuchita kwa nthawi yaitali.
• Mwachangu Magawo: Chiyembekezo chakuchita bwino monga Chiyerekezo cha Inventory Turnover ndi Receivables Turnover Ratio thandizo traders amamvetsetsa momwe kampani ikugwiritsira ntchito bwino katundu wake ndikuwongolera ngongole zake.
• Magulu Opindulitsa: Izi, kuphatikizapo Net Profit Margin ndi Return on Equity, zingathandize traders kuwunika phindu la kampani.
• Magawo a Market Prospect: Magawo a Market Prospect monga Earnings Per Share (EPS) ndi Price to Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio) amapereka traders lingaliro la tsogolo la kampani.

Kumvetsetsa ziwerengerozi ndikofunikira, koma chofunikiranso ndikutha kutanthauzira molondola. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa Current Ratio kungasonyeze kuti kampani ili ndi mphamvu zokwaniritsira ntchito zake pakanthawi kochepa. Komabe, zitha kuwonetsanso kuti kampaniyo siigwiritsa ntchito bwino zomwe ili nazo kapena zothandizira kwakanthawi kochepa.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kufananiza izi mosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso ndi makampani omwe ali m'makampani omwewo. Kuwunika kofananizaku kungapereke chithunzi chokwanira cha momwe kampaniyo ikugwirira ntchito.

Kumbukirani, Ratio Analysis ndi chida chimodzi chokha mu trader's toolbox. Ndikofunikira kuzigwiritsa ntchito molumikizana ndi njira zina kuti mupeze chithunzi chonse cha thanzi la kampani. Ndikofunikiranso kumvetsetsa zoperewera za Ratio Analysis. Mwachitsanzo, zimadalira kwambiri zomwe zili m'mabuku azachuma a kampani, zomwe sizingawonetsere zenizeni zenizeni zamakampani chifukwa cha zinthu monga machitidwe owerengera ndalama ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera ndalama.

Pamapeto pake, Ratio Analysis ingapereke zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali, koma ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru ndikuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zowunikira. Ndi chida champhamvu, koma monga chida chilichonse, kugwira ntchito kwake kumadalira luso ndi chidziwitso cha munthu amene akuchigwiritsa ntchito.

2.2. Trend Analysis

Kulowera mozama mu dziko la kusanthula ndondomeko zachuma, munthu sanganyalanyaze kufunika kwa kusanthula zochitika. Kusanthula kwamayendedwe ndi chida champhamvu kuti traders amagwiritsa ntchito kuwunika thanzi lazachuma komanso kukula kwa kampani. Zimaphatikizanso kufananitsa mbiri yakale pa nthawi yodziwika kuti muzindikire mayendedwe kapena zomwe zikuchitika.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tilingalire ndalama zomwe kampani imapeza. Ngati ndalama zamakampani zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira zaka zingapo zapitazi, ndi chizindikiro chabwino chosonyeza kukula kwa kampaniyo. Kumbali ina, chizoloŵezi chochepa chikhoza kukweza mbendera yofiira.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti kusanthula zochitika sikungokhudza kuzindikira mawonekedwe. Ndi za kukumba mozama kuti mumvetse zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa izi. Kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa ndalama kungakhale chifukwa cha zochitika za nthawi imodzi, monga kugulitsa gawo la bizinesi, ndipo sizingasonyeze kukula kwamtsogolo.

Pochita kafukufuku wazomwe zikuchitika, traders nthawi zambiri imayang'ana mbali zazikulu zotsatirazi:

• Kukula kwa Ndalama: Kuwonjezeka kosasintha kwa ndalama nthawi zambiri kumakhala chizindikiro chabwino. Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa komwe kukukula uku. Kodi ndi chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa malonda, kapena ndi chifukwa cha zochitika za nthawi imodzi?
• Mapazi Opindulitsa: Kuchulukitsa kwa phindu kumawonetsa kuti kampani ikuyendetsa bwino ndalama zake. Ndi chizindikiro cha magwiridwe antchito.
• Return on Equity (ROE): ROE ndi muyeso wa phindu la kampani. ROE yomwe ikukwera ikuwonetsa kuti kampaniyo ikupanga phindu lochulukirapo pa dola iliyonse yazachuma.
• Ngongole Milingo: Kuwonjezeka kwa ngongole kungakhale chizindikiro chochenjeza. Ndikofunikira kufananiza kuchuluka kwa ngongole zamakampani ndi anzawo akumakampani kuti muwone bwino.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kusanthula zochitika ndi mbali imodzi yokha ya kusanthula ndondomeko ya zachuma. Ngakhale imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi zida zina ndi njira zowunikira mwatsatanetsatane.

Komanso, ngakhale kusanthula zochitika kungathandize kulosera zam'tsogolo, si njira yopusitsa. Zomwe zachitika m'mbuyomu sizikhala chizindikiro cholondola cha zotsatira zamtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, traders ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chiwongolero, osati chitsimikizo. Nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuganizira zinthu zina monga momwe msika ulili, momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito, komanso zochitika zamakampani.

2.3. Kuyerekeza Kuyerekeza

As traders, tikudziwa kuti masitetimenti azachuma a kampani ndiye msana wa zisankho zathu. Koma, kungoyang'ana ndondomeko imodzi yazachuma ya kampani kuli ngati kuyesa kumvetsetsa filimu poyang'ana chochitika chimodzi. Ndi kusanthula kofananiza komwe kumapereka chithunzi chokwanira cha thanzi lamakampani.

Yambani poyerekezera ndalama za kampaniyo pakapita nthawi. Izi zimadziwika kuti yopingasa kusanthula. Zimakupatsirani chithunzithunzi cha momwe kampaniyo yachitira pazaka zambiri. Yang'anani mayendedwe. Kodi ndalama zikukula? Kodi ndalama zikuyendetsedwa? Kodi ngongole za kampani zikuchulukira kapena zikuchepa? Kuzindikira uku kungakuthandizeni kulosera zamtsogolo.

Kenako, yerekezerani ndalama za kampaniyo ndi omwe akupikisana nawo. Izi zimadziwika kuti kusanthula molunjika. Zimakuthandizani kumvetsetsa komwe kampani ikuyimira pamakampani ake. Ngati phindu la kampaniyo ndi lalikulu kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo, zitha kuwonetsa utsogoleri wapamwamba kapena chinthu chapadera. Ngati ili yotsika, ikhoza kuwonetsa mavuto.

Nawa magawo atatu ofunikira kuti muwone pakuwunika kwanu kofananiza:

1. Phindu: Izi zimakuuzani phindu lomwe kampaniyo imapeza pa dola iliyonse yogulitsa. Phindu lalikulu nthawi zambiri limakhala labwinoko.
2. Return on Assets (ROA): Izi zimayesa momwe kampani imagwiritsira ntchito bwino chuma chake kupanga phindu. ROA yapamwamba imasonyeza kampani yabwino kwambiri.
3. Ngongole ku Equity Ratio: Izi zimayesa kuchuluka kwachuma kwa kampani. Chiŵerengero chapamwamba chikhoza kusonyeza chapamwamba chiopsezo za kusakhulupirika.

3. Kutanthauzira Kusanthula

Kulowa muzachuma cha kampani kuli kofanana ndi kufufuza ntchito zovuta zamakina. Pamafunika diso lakuthwa, maganizo akuthwa, ndi kumvetsa bwino nkhani zachuma. Mukasonkhanitsa deta yofunikira kuchokera kuzinthu zachuma za kampani, vuto lenileni limayamba: kutanthauzira.

Chinthu choyamba kudziwa ndi chakuti manambala okha sanena nkhani yonse. Context ndiye fungulo. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ngongole chikhoza kuwoneka chowopsya poyang'ana koyamba, koma ngati ngongoleyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kukula kwa gawo lomwe likukula, sizingakhale zoipa kwambiri. Momwemonso, phindu lotsika limatha kuwoneka ngati lokhumudwitsa, koma ngati kampaniyo ili m'makampani opikisana kwambiri pomwe malire amakhala otsika, ikhoza kukhala ikuchita bwino.

Kuti mumvetsetse manambala, ndikofunikira kufananiza nawo miyezo yamakampani ndi mbiri yakale. Izi zidzakupatsani benchmark kuti muwone momwe kampani ikuyendera.

• Miyezo ya Makampani: Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwachuma kwa kampaniyo ndi kwa omwe akupikisana nawo kungapereke chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali pakuchita bwino kwake. Ngati kubweza kwa kampani pazachuma ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, zitha kuwonetsa utsogoleri wapamwamba kapena malonda opikisana nawo.vantage.
• Zambiri Zakale: Kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwachuma kwa kampani pakapita nthawi kumatha kuwulula zomwe sizingawonekere mwachangu kuchokera ku data yachaka chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero chowonjezeka cha ngongole kwa-equity chikhoza kusonyeza kuti kampaniyo ikudalira kwambiri ndalama zobwereka, zomwe zingakhale mbendera yofiira.

Komanso, kumbukirani kukumbukira macroeconomic chilengedwe. Kayendetsedwe kazachuma ka kampani sikungochitika zokha. Zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga chiwongola dzanja, inflation, ndi kukula kwachuma. Mwachitsanzo, kampani yomwe ili ndi ngongole zambiri imatha kuvutikira chifukwa cha chiwongola dzanja chokwera.

Koma, musaiwale kuganizira za kampaniyo strategy ndi chitsanzo cha bizinesi. Kampani yomwe ili ndi phindu lotsika koma kuchuluka kwa malonda kungakhale kutsata njira zoyendetsera mtengo, pomwe kampani yomwe ili ndi phindu lalikulu koma yotsika mtengo yogulitsa ingakhale ikutsata njira yosiyanitsira. Kumvetsetsa njira ya kampani kungakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa momwe ndalama zake zimayendera.

Kutanthauzira kusanthula zachuma ndi luso monga momwe ziliri sayansi. Zimafunika kumvetsetsa mozama zabizinesi, makampani, komanso malo azachuma. Koma ndi machitidwe ndi njira yoyenera, ikhoza kupereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali pazachuma cha kampani ndi ziyembekezo zamtsogolo.

3.1. Kumvetsetsa Zotsatira za Ma Ratios

Kudumphira motsogola kudziko lazachuma kungakhale ntchito yovuta kwa aliyense trader, komabe ndi gawo lofunikira pakumvetsetsa thanzi lazachuma la kampani. Mawerengero ndi trader's secret chida, chida cha masamu chomwe chimadutsa muzolemba zovuta zachuma kuti ziwulule zidziwitso zanzeru.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti ma ratios ndi mtundu wa shorthand zachuma. Amaphatikiza zambiri zambiri kukhala chithunzi chimodzi chosavuta kugayidwa. Chiŵerengero, makamaka, ndikufanizira mfundo ziwiri kapena zingapo zachuma. Ndi njira yolumikizira deta yandalama ndi ina kuti ipereke chithunzi chokwanira chamakampani azachuma.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za chiŵerengero chamakono. Chiŵerengerochi chikufanizira katundu wa kampani (ndalama, katundu, maakaunti olandiridwa) ndi ngongole zake zamakono (ngongole zanthawi yochepa ndi zolipira). Chiŵerengero chapamwamba chamakono chikhoza kusonyeza kuti kampani ili ndi ndalama zothandizira ntchito zake zanthawi yochepa. Komabe, chiŵerengero chokwera kwambiri chingasonyezenso kuti kampaniyo sikugwiritsa ntchito bwino katundu wake.

Tiyeni tiwone chiŵerengero china chofunikira - ndi chiŵerengero cha ngongole-to-equity. Imayesa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za kampani zomwe zimachokera ku ngongole motsutsana ndi equity. Ngongole yayikulu-ku-equity chiŵerengero chingasonyeze chiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti kampaniyo ili ndi ngongole zambiri. Koma kachiwiri, nkhani ndi yofunika kwambiri. Mafakitale ena, monga othandizira kapena matelefoni, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ngongole zambiri chifukwa chokhala ndi ndalama zambiri.

Phindu malire ndi chiŵerengero china kuti traders nthawi zambiri amawunika. Imawonetsa phindu lomwe kampani imapeza pa dola iliyonse yogulitsa. Kupeza phindu lalikulu kumawonetsa kampani yopindulitsa kwambiri yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zowongolera bwino ndalama zake poyerekeza ndi omwe akupikisana nawo.

Ndiye pali return on equity (ROE). Chiŵerengerochi chimayesa momwe kasamalidwe kake akugwiritsira ntchito bwino katundu wa kampani kupanga phindu. ROE yapamwamba imatanthawuza kuti kampaniyo imachita bwino pakupanga phindu. Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ma ratios ndi gawo limodzi lachidule. Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zida zina zowunikira ndalama kuti apange chithunzi chonse cha thanzi lazachuma la kampani. Komanso, ziwerengero ziyenera kufananizidwa ndi makampani onse omwe ali m'makampani omwewo, chifukwa zikhalidwe zimatha kusiyana kwambiri.

Kumbukirani, ngati a trader, cholinga chanu ndi kupanga zisankho mwanzeru. Kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la kaŵerengero ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri pokwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho. Chifukwa chake, kulungani manja anu ndikudzilowetsa m'dziko losangalatsa lazachuma. Phindu lake n’loyenereradi kuyesetsa.

3.2. Kuwerenga Pakati pa Mizere

M'dziko lochititsa chidwi la kusanthula zachuma, sikumangonena za manambala. Ndi zomwe manambala amenewo mukutanthauza. Kutha kutanthauzira ndikumvetsetsa nkhani yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa ziwerengerozo ndi luso lofunikira kwa aliyense wanzeru trader.

Tiyeni tifufuze nkhani zandalama, pomwe chinthu chilichonse chimalankhula za thanzi la kampani. Ganizirani izi ngati nkhani yofufuza, pomwe mukuphatikiza zowunikira kuti mupeze chithunzi chonse.

Choyamba, ndi ndondomeko za ndalamat. Chikalatachi chikukuwuzani kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe kampani yapeza panthawi inayake komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kwasinthidwa kukhala ndalama zonse. Koma musamangoyang'ana pa mfundo yomaliza. Yang'anani pa malire onse, malire ogwirira ntchito, ndi malire opezeka. Ziwerengerozi zitha kuwulula momwe kampani imathandizira pakuwongolera mtengo wake.

Kenako, a bwino pepala. Mawu awa akupereka chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa kampani, mangawa, ndi ma sheya eawiri pa nthawi inayake. Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana chiŵerengero cha ngongole-to-equity, zomwe zingasonyeze kuchuluka kwa ngozi zomwe kampani ikuchita.

Ndiye, ndiye ndondomeko ya cash flow. Chikalatachi chikuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zikubwera ndikutuluka mukampani. Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana momwe ndalama zimagwirira ntchito, zomwe zikuwonetsa ngati bizinesi yayikulu yamakampani ndi yopindulitsa.

• Kodi kampaniyo ikupanga ndalama zabwino kuchokera ku ntchito zake?
• Kodi mayendedwe amakampani amasiyana bwanji ndi zomwe amapeza?
• Kodi kampaniyo ikupanga ndalama kuti ikule mtsogolo?

Komabe, sikokwanira kungoyang'ana manambala paokha. Muyenera kuwafananitsa ndi nthawi zam'mbuyomu komanso ndi makampani ena omwe ali mumakampani omwewo. Izi zikuthandizani kumvetsetsa momwe kampaniyo ikugwirira ntchito komanso momwe akupikisana.

Komanso, tcherani khutu ku mawu a m'munsi. Atha kupereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali panjira zowerengera ndalama za kampani, ngongole zomwe zingachitike, ndi zina zofunika zomwe sizingawonekere pamawerengero okha.

Kumbukirani, kusanthula zachuma ndi luso lofanana ndi sayansi. Zimafunika kukhala ndi diso lakuthwa, malingaliro ozama, komanso kumvetsetsa mozama za kachitidwe ka bizinesi. Monga a trader, luso lanu lowerenga pakati pa mizere likhoza kukhala chinsinsi chakuwona mwayi wopindulitsa ndikuchotsa misampha yomwe ingachitike.

4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino kwa Ndemanga Yachuma

M'dziko lazamalonda, kumvetsetsa zachuma za kampani ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kusanthula kwa ndondomeko ya zachuma kumapereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali za phindu la kampani, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, komanso kukhazikika kwachuma. Kusanthula uku sikungokhudza manambala ochepa chabe; ndi za kutanthauzira manambalawa kuti apange zisankho zodziwitsidwa zamalonda.

Choyamba, ndondomeko ya ndalama ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chowunika phindu la kampani. Imalongosola mwatsatanetsatane ndalama zomwe kampani amapeza, ndalama zake, ndi ndalama zake. Traders akuyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza, chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kampani kupanga phindu. Ndalama zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira nthawi zonse ndi chizindikiro chabwino, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kampani.

Kachiwiri, pepala lothandizira limapereka chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa kampani, mangawa, ndi kugawana kwa omwe ali ndi masheya panthawi inayake. Katunduyu amaphatikiza chilichonse chomwe kampani ili nayo, kuyambira ndalama ndi katundu, katundu ndi zida. Ngongole, kumbali ina, zimayimira zomwe kampani ili nayo, monga ngongole ndi maakaunti omwe amalipidwa. Kusiyana pakati pa katundu ndi ngongole kumatipatsa equity, zomwe zimayimira mtengo wakampani.

Tsamba loyenera lathanzi liyenera kuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwachuma komanso kuchepa kwa ngongole pakapita nthawi. Ngati mangawa apitilira katundu, ndiye chizindikiro chofiyira, zomwe zikuwonetsa mavuto azachuma.

Chachitatu, ndondomeko yoyendetsera ndalama ndi chikalata china chofunikira traders. Imawonetsa momwe kampani imasamalirira ndalama zake, zogawika m'magulu atatu: ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ntchito zoyika ndalama, ndi ntchito zandalama. Kutuluka kwandalama kochokera kuzinthu zogwirira ntchito ndi chizindikiro chabwino, kutanthauza kuti kampaniyo imapanga ndalama zokwanira kubweza ndalama zake zogwirira ntchito.

Pomaliza, mawu a equity akuwonetsa kusintha kwa magawo pakapita nthawi. Zimaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa masheya atsopano, magawo omwe amaperekedwa, komanso ndalama zonse zomwe kampaniyo imapeza kapena kutayika. Kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa equity's equity kukuwonetsa kampani yomwe ili ndi thanzi labwino.

4.1. Bwanji Traders Angagwiritse Ntchito Kusanthula Ndalama

Kusanthula ndondomeko zachuma ndi chida champhamvu m'manja mwa traders. Zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pazachuma cha kampani, chothandizira traders kupanga zisankho mwanzeru. Kumvetsetsa zigawo zikuluzikulu za ndondomeko ya zachuma ndipo m'mene mungawamasulire ndikofunikira.

• Mapepala Oyenera: Mawu awa akupereka chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa kampani, mangawa, ndi eni ake omwe ali ndi masheya panthawi inayake. Traders atha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuwunika kuchuluka kwamakampani, kuchuluka kwake, komanso kapangidwe kake.
• Chiwerengero cha Zopeza: Mawu awa akufotokozera mwachidule ndalama zomwe kampani imapeza, ndalama zake, ndi zomwe zimawononga pakanthawi. Traders atha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuyesa phindu la kampani, magwiridwe antchito, komanso momwe ndalama zikukulira.
• Ndemanga ya Kuyenda kwa Ndalama: Mawu awa akuwonetsa momwe kusintha kwa ma akaunti a balance sheet ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza kumakhudzira ndalama ndi zofanana ndi ndalama. Imaphwanya kusanthula kuzinthu zoyendetsera, kuyika ndalama, ndi ndalama. Traders atha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuti amvetsetse momwe ndalama zimagwirira ntchito kuchokera kuzinthu zake zazikulu.

Kusanthula kwa Ratio ndi njira ina yothandiza yosanthula ndondomeko ya ndalama. Zimaphatikizapo kufananitsa manambala osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku banki, ndondomeko ya ndalama, ndi ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka ndalama kuti muzindikire machitidwe, zochitika, ndi zolakwika. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi traders zikuphatikizapo Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio, Debt-to-Equity (D/E) ratio, ndi Current ratio.

Mwachitsanzo, a Chiŵerengero cha P / E Kumathandiza traders amawunika ngati mtengo wamasheya wakampani ndiwokwera kwambiri kapena wochepera. Chiŵerengero cha P / E chapamwamba chikhoza kusonyeza kuti katunduyo ndi wokwera mtengo, kapena akhoza kusonyeza kuti amalonda akuyembekezera kukula kwakukulu m'tsogolomu.

The Chiŵerengero cha D/E ndi muyeso wa mphamvu yazachuma ya kampani, yomwe imapereka chidziwitso pamlingo wa chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole za kampani. Chiŵerengero chachikulu cha D/E chikhoza kusonyeza chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusakhulupirika kapena kubweza ngongole.

Pomaliza, ndi Chiŵerengero chamakono ndi chiŵerengero cha kagayidwe kachakudya chomwe chimayesa kuthekera kwa kampani kulipira ngongole zazifupi komanso zazitali. Chiŵerengero chapamwamba chamakono chimasonyeza kuti kampaniyo ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zolipirira udindo wake.

Pomaliza, kusanthula ndalama ndi luso lofunikira traders. Zimawapatsa kumvetsetsa mozama za thanzi la kampani, kuwathandiza kupanga zisankho zabwino zamalonda. Traders omwe amadziwa bwino kusanthula kwachuma atha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika.

4.2. Zochitika Zake Pakugulitsa

Zikafika pakugulitsa, sizongokhudza manambala ndi ma chart; ndi nkhaninso. Nkhani zomwe zimawonekera pamasamba, ndondomeko za ndalama, ndi ma chart a ndalama, zomwe zimawulula thanzi, ntchito, ndi kuthekera kwa kampani. Tiyeni tilowe muzochitika zingapo kuti timvetsetse momwe kusanthula ndondomeko yazachuma ya kampani kungakhudzire zosankha zamalonda.

Tangoganizani kuti mukuganiza zopanga ndalama ku Company A. Mumayamba ndikuwunika bwino pepala. Mukuwona chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha zinthu zomwe zilipo panopa, makamaka ndalama zake ndi zofanana ndi ndalama. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuti kampaniyo ili ndi thanzi labwino komanso ili ndi ndalama zokwanira kubweza ngongole zake kwakanthawi kochepa. Komabe, kuyang'anitsitsa gawo la ngongole kukuwonetsa kukwera kwakukulu kwa ngongole yanthawi yochepa. Izi zitha kukhala mbendera yofiyira yomwe ikuwonetsa mavuto azachuma kapena kasamalidwe kazachuma.

Kenako, inu kupita ku ndondomeko ya ndalama. Apa, mukuwona kuti ndalama za Company A zikuchulukirachulukira, koma ndalama zake zonse zikutsika. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kapena kutsika kwa malire, zomwe zingakhudze phindu la kampani pakapita nthawi.

Pomaliza, inu kusanthula ndondomeko ya cash flow. Ngakhale ndalama zikucheperachepera, mukuwona kutuluka kwandalama kwamphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zogwirira ntchito. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kampaniyo ikupanga bwino ndalama kuchokera kubizinesi yake yayikulu.

• Mlandu 1: Kampani A ikhoza kukhala ndalama zabwino ngati ingayang'anire ngongole yake yayifupi ndikuwongolera mtengo wake. Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwandalama ndi chizindikiro cholonjeza.
• Mlandu 2: Ngati kampaniyo ikulephera kuwongolera ngongole ndi ndalama zake, zitha kubweretsa mavuto azachuma, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yowopsa.

Muzochitika zina, mukuyang'ana Company B. Tsamba lake la ndalama likuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo panopa komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ngongole za nthawi yaitali, zomwe zimasonyeza mavuto omwe angakhalepo pazachuma. Komabe, ndalama zomwe amapeza zikuwonetsa kukula kosasinthika kwa ndalama zonse, ndipo ndondomeko yake yandalama ikuwonetsa kutuluka kwandalama kochokera pakugulitsa ndalama chifukwa chogulitsa bizinesi.

• Mlandu 3: Kampani B ikhoza kukhala ndalama zowopsa chifukwa chazovuta zake. Komabe, ngati ingagwiritse ntchito ndalama kuchokera kubizinesi yomwe idagulitsidwa kusamalira ngongole zake, ikhoza kutembenuka.
• Mlandu 4: Ngati kampaniyo ikulephera kusamalira ngongole zake, ikhoza kukumana ndi mavuto azachuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yowopsa ngakhale ipeza ndalama zambiri.

Zochitika izi zikuwonetsa momwe kusanthula ma statement achuma akampani kungathandizire traders ndi chidziwitso chofunikira, kuwathandiza kupanga zisankho zamalonda anzeru. Kumbukirani, mdierekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo zambiri izi zitha kupezeka muzolemba zachuma.