Momwe Mungamvetsetse ndi Kuchepetsa Kutsika Pakugulitsa

1. Chidule cha Slippage mu Kugulitsa

1.1. Tanthauzirani Slippage mu Kugulitsa

Slippage mu malonda amatanthauza kusiyana pakati pa mtengo woyembekezeredwa wa a trade ndi mtengo weniweni womwe trade amaphedwa. Zimachitika pamene pali kusintha kwa mtengo wamsika pakati pa nthawi a trader anayambitsa a trade ndi nthawi yomwe ikukwaniritsidwa. Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa mtengo womwe ukuyembekezeredwa ndi kukwaniritsidwa kumakhala kofala kwambiri m'misika yomwe ikuyenda mwachangu, pomwe kusinthasintha kwamitengo kumatha kuchitika mwachangu chifukwa cha Malonda osasunthika, pansi malire, kapena mwadzidzidzi uthenga zochitika.

Slippage ikhoza kuchitika panthawi yogula ndi kugulitsa katundu, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zomaliza za trades. Mwachitsanzo, a trader atha kuganiza zogula masheya pa $ 100 pagawo lililonse, koma pofika nthawi yomwe dongosololo liziperekedwa, katunduyo atha kukwera mpaka $101 pagawo lililonse. Pankhaniyi, a trader amakumana ndi kutsika koyipa, chifukwa adalipira zambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati katunduyo atsikira ku $ 99 panthawi ya kuphedwa, a trader amapindula ndi kutsika kwabwino, popeza adalipira zochepa kuposa momwe amayembekezera.

1.2. Kufunika Kwa Kumvetsetsa ndi Kuchepetsa Kutsika

Kumvetsetsa ndi kuchepetsa kutsetsereka ndikofunikira kwambiri traders, makamaka omwe amagwira ntchito m'misika yosasinthika kapena yosasinthika. Kutsetsereka kosayendetsedwa kungathe kuwononga phindu, kuonjezera mtengo wamalonda, ndi kusokoneza chiopsezo njira zoyendetsera. Amalonda, makamaka omwe akuchita nawo malonda othamanga kwambiri kapena kugwiritsa ntchito masikelo akulu akulu, amatha kukumana ndi zovuta zazikulu ngati sakuwerengera kutsika. Zitha kubweretsa kutayika kosayembekezereka, kuphonya mwayi, ndi kuyeza kolakwika kwa magwiridwe antchito, makamaka pochita malonda ndi katundu wokhala ndi mabuku ocheperako kapena m'malo osakhazikika.

Kuchepetsa kutsetsereka, motero, kumakhala gawo lofunikira pakuchita bwino kwa malonda. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kusankha mitundu yoyenera, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zoyendetsera zoopsa, komanso kumvetsetsa momwe msika ulili, traders amatha kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa za kuterera. Komanso, kwa mabungwe traders ndi omwe akugwira ma voliyumu akulu, kutsika pang'ono kumatha kuwonjezera pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kubweza konse. Mwachidule, kudziwa lingaliro la kutsetsereka ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti mukhale katswiri trader.

2. Kumvetsetsa Slippage

2.1. Kodi Slippage ndi chiyani?

Slippage, mu nkhani ya malonda, amatanthauza kusiyana mwangozi pakati pa mtengo umene a trader amayembekezera a trade kuti aphedwe ndi mtengo weniweni womwe trade zimachitika. Ndizochitika zodziwika mumitundu yonse yamisika, kuphatikiza m'matangadza, Ndalama Zakunja, katundu, ndi cryptocurrencies.

Kutsika kumachitika chifukwa chakusintha kwamitengo mwachangu kapena kusagwirizana pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa pamtengo womwe waperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, m'misika yomwe ikusokonekera kwambiri, mitengo imatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono pasekondi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengowo usinthe. trade amaphedwa. Ngakhale traders atha kukhazikitsa mtengo wake womwe akufuna kugula kapena kugulitsa katundu, mayendedwe amsika amatha kusintha mtengo panthawi yomwe trade imakonzedwa.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kutsetsereka kumatha kuchitika ndi mtundu uliwonse wa trade dongosolo koma makamaka ponseponse pogwiritsira ntchito malonda a msika, omwe amapangidwa kuti azichita trades nthawi yomweyo pamtengo wabwino kwambiri, popanda kutsimikizira mtengo wake. Slippage imatha kugwira ntchito kapena motsutsana ndi trader: zitha kubweretsa mtengo wabwinoko (kutsika kwabwino) kapena mtengo woyipa kwambiri (kutsika koyipa) kuposa momwe amayembekezera.

2.1.1. Mitundu ya Slippage

Slippage sizochitika zamtundu umodzi. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsetsereka, iliyonse imachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamalonda ndi njira zochitira. Mitundu yoyambirira ndi:

• Kuchita Slippage: Izi zimachitika pakakhala kuchedwa pakati pa dongosolo lomwe likuperekedwa ndi dongosolo lomwe likuperekedwa. Kuchedwa uku kungayambitse kusintha kwamitengo panthawi yomwe trade imakonzedwa, makamaka m'misika yothamanga kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'misika ya forex, yomwe imatha kusintha kusintha kwa ma milliseconds, kutsetsereka kumatha kukhala kofala chifukwa cha latency trade processing kapena broker kuchedwa.
• Kutsika Mtengo: Uwu ndi mtundu womwe umakambidwa kwambiri wa kuterera. Zimachitika pamene mtengo wa katundu umayenda pakati pa nthawi yomwe dongosolo laperekedwa ndi pamene likuperekedwa. Izi ndizofala makamaka pamene traders amagwiritsa ntchito maoda amsika panthawi yakusakhazikika kwambiri. Kutsika kwamitengo kumatha kubweretsa mtengo wabwinoko kapena woyipa kuposa momwe timayembekezera.

Kumvetsetsa mitundu iyi ya kuterereka kumathandiza traders kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zosayembekezereka muzochita zawo trades. Podziwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuphedwa ndi kutsika kwamitengo, traders akhoza kugwirizanitsa bwino njira zawo ndi momwe msika ulili komanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa ngozi.

2.2. Zifukwa za Slippage

Kutsika kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza kusiyana pakati pa mtengo womwe ukuyembekezeredwa ndi mtengo weniweni womwe a trade amaphedwa. Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kuterereka kumathandiza traders bwino kuyang'ana zovuta zomwe zikugwirizana nazo ndikuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoyipa.

2.2.1. Kusakhazikika Kwamsika

Kusakhazikika kwa msika ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuterera. Msika ukakumana ndi kusinthasintha kwamitengo kwachangu, mtengo wa katundu ukhoza kusintha kwambiri pakangodutsa masekondi kapena magawo a sekondi imodzi. Izi ndizofala makamaka pazochitika zazikuluzikulu, zofalitsa zazachuma, kapena zochitika zandale. M'misika yovuta kwambiri, mitengo imatha "kusiyana" pakati pa milingo, kutanthauza kuti imatha kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo umodzi kupita ku wina popanda kugulitsa pamitengo yapakati. Izi zitha kubweretsa kutsika kwakukulu chifukwa mtengo womwe a trade zomwe zimaperekedwa zitha kusiyana kwambiri ndi mtengo womwe unkayembekezeredwa.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader amayika dongosolo la msika kuti agule katundu pa nthawi ya kusakhazikika kwakukulu, mtengo ukhoza kukwera kwambiri panthawi yomwe dongosololo likuchitidwa. Izi ndizofala kwambiri m'misika ngati cryptocurrency, komwe kusinthasintha kwamitengo kumachitika pafupipafupi, koma kumatha kuchitika pamsika uliwonse wokhala ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu.

2.2.2. Msika Liquidity

Kuchuluka kwachuma kumatanthawuza momwe katundu angagulidwe mosavuta kapena kugulitsidwa popanda kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pamtengo wawo. Slippage imakonda kuchitika m'misika yomwe ili ndi ndalama zotsika chifukwa sipangakhale ogula kapena ogulitsa okwanira pamtengo womwe akufuna kuti achite. trade nthawi yomweyo. Pamene pali anthu ochepa pamsika, kapena ngati pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zilipo trade pa mtengo woperekedwa, traders amakakamizidwa kuvomereza mtengo wotsika kuti amalize kuyitanitsa kwawo.

Mwachitsanzo, mumsika wa forex, kugulitsa magulu akuluakulu a ndalama ngati EUR / USD, zomwe zimakhala zamadzimadzi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuchepa kochepa. Komabe, kugulitsa mapeyala a ndalama zakunja kapena masheya okhala ndi kuchuluka kwatsiku ndi tsiku kungayambitse kutsika kwambiri chifukwa otenga nawo mbali ndi ochepa omwe amadzaza maoda pamtengo womwe ukuyembekezeredwa.

2.2.3. Mtundu Woyitanitsa (Msika, Malire, Imani)

Mtundu wa dongosolo a trader kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kuchitika kwa kuterera.

• Market malamulo: Malamulo amsika adapangidwa kuti azichita a trade nthawi yomweyo pamtengo wabwino kwambiri womwe ulipo. Komabe, chifukwa amaika patsogolo liwiro kuposa mtengo, traders nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kutsika ndi maoda amsika. M'misika yothamanga kwambiri, mtengo wabwino kwambiri wopezeka ukhoza kusintha pakapita nthawi pakati pa kuyika ndi kuyitanitsa, zomwe zimabweretsa kutsika.
• malire Magulu: Malire oda amalola traders kuti afotokoze mtengo weniweni womwe akufuna kuchita a trade. Ngakhale izi zimathandiza kupewa kutsetsereka, sizimatsimikizira kuphedwa. Ngati msika sufika pamtengo wocheperako, the trade sichidzachitidwa, kutanthauza traders kupewa kutsetsereka koma akhoza kuphonya trade zonse.
• Lekani Magulu: Maimidwe oyitanitsa adapangidwa kuti ayambitse msika kapena kuchepetsa kuyitanitsa pokhapokha mtengo wamtengo wapatali wafikira. Slippage ikhoza kuchitika ndi malamulo oyimitsa msika pamene mtengo umayenda mofulumira pamene mtengo woyimitsa wagunda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lamulo lichitidwe pamtengo wocheperapo kusiyana ndi momwe amafunira.

2.2.4. Zochita za Brokerage

Ubwino ndi zomangamanga za brokerzaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda zimathanso kuyambitsa kutsika. Ma brokerage amasiyana momwe amachitira mwachangu tradendi kuchuluka kwa mwayi wofikira omwe amapereka kwa opereka ndalama. A brokerzaka zokhala ndi nthawi yocheperako kapena njira zamabizinesi zotsogola kwambiri zitha kutsetsereka, chifukwa kuchedwa kutsata malamulo kumawonjezera mwayi wosintha mitengo. Komanso, zina brokers sangakhale ndi mwayi wamsika mwachindunji, kutanthauza kuti amadalira anthu ena kuti asinthe trades, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsetsereka.

Mapangidwe apamwamba brokers ndi luso lapamwamba ndi mwayi wolunjika ku kusinthana kwakukulu ndi opereka ndalama zamadzimadzi amakhala ndi milingo yotsika yotsika. Kusankha kumanja broker choncho, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa kutsetsereka kwa malonda.

2.2.5. Malonda a Platform Factors

Kuchita kwa nsanja yamalonda yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kungakhudzenso kutsika. Mapulatifomu osalumikizana bwino, ukadaulo wachikale, kapena kutsika pafupipafupi kumatha kuchedwetsa kuyitanitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wochulukira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nsanja ikuchedwa kusintha deta yamtengo kapena kuchita maoda, traders atha kukhala ndi kutsika pakati pa mtengo womwe akufuna ndi mtengo womwe mtengo wake trade amadzazidwa kwenikweni.

Mapulatifomu ogulitsa omwe ali ndi liwiro lofulumira komanso latency yochepa, kumbali ina, amachepetsa mwayi wotsetsereka powonetsetsa kuti madongosolo akonzedwa mwachangu momwe angathere. Kuphatikiza apo, nsanja zomwe zimapereka zinthu monga mitundu yosinthira makonda ndi njira zowongolera zotsika zingathandize traders amayendetsa bwino chiwopsezo cha kutsetsereka.

2.3. Kodi Slippage Imakhudza Bwanji Malonda?

Kutsika kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu traders, zomwe zikukhudza chilichonse kuyambira phindu mpaka kuwongolera zoopsa. Kumvetsetsa izi ndikofunikira pakupanga njira zamalonda zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsetsereka ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwake.

2.3.1. Impact pa Phindu

Slippage imakhudza mwachindunji a trader's pansi, chifukwa zimakhudza mtengo womwe a trade amaphedwa. Pakatsika, mtengo weniweni wa katundu umasiyana ndi mtengo womwe ukuyembekezeka, zomwe zitha kuchepetsa phindu la a trade kapena kutembenuza phindu trade kuluza.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader akufuna kugula masheya pa $ 100 koma akukumana ndi kutsika koyipa komanso trade amaperekedwa pa $101, phindu mmphepete amachepa. Mofananamo, ngati a trader akufuna kugulitsa katundu pamtengo wina wake koma akakumana ndi kutsika, atha kulandira zocheperapo kuposa momwe amayembekezera, zomwe zingakhudze phindu lonse.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, makamaka kwa traders kuchita pafupipafupi trades kapena malonda okwera kwambiri, kuterera pang'ono kumatha kudziunjikira, ndikuwononga phindu lomwe lingakhalepo. Tsiku traders, scalpers, ndi high-frequency traders amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutsetsereka, chifukwa njira zawo zogulitsira nthawi zambiri zimadalira kasunthidwe kakang'ono kamitengo. Ngakhale kutsika pang'ono kumatha kukhudza kwambiri phindu lawo lonse.

2.3.2. Impact on Risk Management

Slippage imathanso kusokoneza a trader njira zowongolera zoopsa. Kasamalidwe koyenera kachiwopsezo nthawi zambiri kumadalira pakuchita trades pamitengo yeniyeni kuti mukhale ndi chiwopsezo chotengera mphotho. Komabe, pamene kutsika kumachitika, mtengo weniweniwo ukhoza kusuntha, kukhudza kupuma-kutaya malamulo, milingo yopezera phindu, komanso kuwonekera pachiwopsezo chonse.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader amakhazikitsa lamulo loyimitsa-kutaya kuti agulitse malo pa $ 50 kuti achepetse kutayika kwawo, koma msika umayenda mofulumira ndipo kutsetsereka kumachitika, malowa akhoza kugulitsidwa pa $ 48 m'malo mwake. Kutayika kwakukulu kumeneku kuposa kuyembekezera kungathe kutaya trader dongosolo lonse loyang'anira zoopsa, kuwayika pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa momwe amayembekezera.

Momwemonso, kutsika kwabwino, ngakhale kocheperako, kumatha kusintha tradeudindo wa r. Komabe, chifukwa kutsetsereka kumabweretsa kusayembekezeka trade kuphedwa, kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kumamatira ku malire omwe adanenedwa kale, omwe amatha kukhala ovuta m'misika yothamanga kapena yosavomerezeka.

2.3.3. Zitsanzo za Zotayika Zogwirizana ndi Slippage

Kutsika kwadzetsa kutayika kwakukulu m'malo osiyanasiyana azamalonda, makamaka m'misika yosakhazikika kapena pazochitika zazikulu zankhani. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi msika wa forex panthawi yotulutsidwa kwakukulu kwachuma. Mwachitsanzo, a trader akhoza kulowa a trade kutangotsala pang'ono kulengeza kwakukulu, monga kutulutsidwa kwa deta yosakhala yaulimi ku US Ngati deta ikupitirira kwambiri kapena ikulephera kuyembekezera, msika ukhoza kuchitapo kanthu mwachiwawa, kuchititsa kusuntha kwamtengo mofulumira komwe kumayambitsa kutsetsereka.

Pankhaniyi, ngati ndi trader adayika dongosolo logulira akuyembekeza mtengo wake, koma msika udakula mwachangu chifukwa cha nkhani, dongosololi litha kuperekedwa pamtengo wokwera kwambiri. The tradeatha kukumana ndi zotayika zosayembekezereka ngati msika ubwerera pambuyo pakukwera koyamba, kapena ataya phindu lomwe amayembekezera kuchokera ku trade.

Chitsanzo china chikhoza kuwonedwa mu malonda a masheya panthawi yopeza ndalama. Makampani omwe amapereka lipoti labwino kuposa momwe amayembekezera nthawi zambiri amawona kukwera kwamitengo, pomwe omwe amafotokoza zokhumudwitsa amatha kutsika mwachangu. Ogulitsa omwe amayesa kulowa kapena kutuluka m'malo pazochitikazi nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kutsika, monga kuchuluka kwa trades ndi kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe ka mitengo kumatha kuchulukirachulukira pamsika, zomwe zimatsogolera tradeakuphedwa pamitengo yocheperako.

3. Kuchepetsa Slippage

Slippage ndi gawo lachilengedwe la malonda, koma ngakhale silingapewedwe nthawi zonse, imatha kuchepetsedwa. Njira zochepetsera zogwira mtima zimathandiza traders amawongolera zoopsa zomwe zimayenderana ndi kutsetsereka, kuwonetsetsa kuti awo trades amaphedwa pafupi kwambiri ndi mtengo womwe akufuna. Gawoli likuwunikira machitidwe ndi njira zabwino kwambiri traders amatha kutengera kuti achepetse kutsetsereka, kuwathandiza kuwongolera trade zotsatira zake ndikukhala ndi ulamuliro wabwino pa chiopsezo ndi phindu lawo.

3.1. Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zopewera Kuthamanga

Amalonda akhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri zotsatira za slippage potsatira ndondomeko yabwino yokhazikitsidwa bwino. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusankha mitundu yoyenera ya dongosolo, kusankha odalirika brokers ndi nsanja, kumvetsetsa momwe msika uliri, ndikuwongolera zoopsa moyenera. Tiyeni tilowe mu chilichonse mwa machitidwewa.

3.1.1. Gwiritsani Ntchito Malire Oda Nthawi Zonse Zikatheka

Imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zopewera kuterereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire malire m'malo mwa malamulo a msika. Kulamula malire amalola traders kuti afotokoze mtengo weniweni womwe akufuna kuchita a trade. Pochita izi, a trader amatsimikizira kuti awo trade adzangophedwa pa mtengo wofunidwa kapena bwino. Izi zimathetsa mwayi wolipira zambiri kapena kugulitsa zochepa kuposa momwe timayembekezera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa msika.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati a tradeR amaika malire kugula oda pa $50, the trade zidzangoperekedwa ngati mtengo ufika $50 kapena pansi. Ngati msika ukuyenda mwachangu kwambiri ndipo mtengo umalumphira pamwamba pa $50 pamaso pa trade Ikachitidwa, dongosolo silidzadzazidwa, motero kupewa kutsetsereka koyipa. Ngakhale malire amatsimikizira mtengo, samatsimikizira kuphedwa, kutanthauza traders akhoza kuphonya mwayi ngati msika sufika pamtengo womwe watchulidwa.

3.1.2. Sankhani Broker Wodalirika

Osati onse brokers amalengedwa ofanana, ndi kusankha kwa broker zimatha kukhudza kwambiri mwayi wokhala ndi kuterereka. Wotchuka brokers okhala ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri komanso mwayi wamsika wolunjika nthawi zambiri amapereka nthawi yofulumira, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchedwa komwe kumayambitsa kutsetsereka.

ena brokers ntchito Kuwongolera molunjika (STP) or maukonde olumikizirana pamagetsi (ECNs), zomwe zikugwirizana traders molunjika kumsika, kudutsa mkhalapakati ndikupereka mwayi wabwino wopeza ndalama. Izi zimabweretsa mwachangu, zolondola trade kupha, kuchepetsa kutsetsereka.

Mbali inayi, brokers omwe ali ndi liwiro locheperako kapena omwe amapanga msika (mwachitsanzo, kutenga mbali ina ya kasitomala trade) ikhoza kuyambitsa kuchedwa, kuonjezera mwayi wotsetsereka. Ndikofunikira kwa traders kufufuza brokers mosamalitsa ndikusankha imodzi yomwe imapereka kuphedwa mwachangu komanso njira yoyendetsera dongosolo.

3.1.3. Sankhani nsanja yodalirika yogulitsira

Pambuyo pa broker, nsanja yamalonda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ingathandizenso kwambiri kuchepetsa kutsetsereka. Odalirika malonda nsanja ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso kuthamanga kwachangu kumawonetsetsa kuti madongosolo amachitidwa ndi kuchedwa kochepa. Mapulatifomu omwe amapereka zidziwitso zamitengo yeniyeni komanso kuyitanitsa mwachangu amachepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi kutsetsereka powonetsetsa kuti trades amakonzedwa mwachangu momwe angathere, ngakhale m'misika yothamanga kwambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, nsanja zamalonda zokhala ndi zowongolera zokhazikika, monga kukhazikitsa kulolerana kovomerezeka, kulola traders kuti adziteteze ku kusokonekera kwakukulu kwamitengo panthawi yophedwa. Zidazi zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri panthawi yomwe msika umakhala wosasunthika, pamene kusintha kwamitengo kumachitika kawirikawiri.

3.1.4. Mvetsetsani Mikhalidwe Yamsika

Kumvetsetsa momwe msika ukuyendera ndi chinthu chinanso chofunikira kwambiri popewa kutsetsereka. Kusokonekera kwa msika komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zitha kusokoneza kwambiri mwayi wotsetsereka. Amalonda ayenera kukumbukira nthawi yawo trades, makamaka panthawi yomwe msika ukuyembekezeka kukumana ndi kusintha kwamitengo mwachangu, monga zilengezo zazikulu zazachuma zisanachitike kapena pambuyo pake, malipoti opeza makampani, kapena zochitika zandale.

Mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa malonda atangolengeza kwambiri pamsika wa forex kumatha kutsika chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira komanso kusuntha kwamitengo kosayembekezereka. Momwemonso, malonda omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa, monga masheya ang'onoang'ono kapena ndalama zakunja, zimatha kutsika chifukwa sipangakhale ogula kapena ogulitsa okwanira pamtengo womwe ukufunidwa kuti achite. trade mokwanira.

Mwa kupewa trades panthawi yakusakhazikika kwambiri komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri zinthu zamadzimadzi, traders ikhoza kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi kutsetsereka kwakukulu.

3.1.5. Yang'anirani Zowopsa Moyenerera

Kugwiritsa kukonza ngozi ndi chinthu chinanso chofunikira pakuchepetsa kutsetsereka. Ochita malonda nthawi zonse amayenera kuganizira za kuthekera kwa kutsetsereka pokhazikitsa malamulo oyimitsa kutayika ndi kupanga phindu. Kukhazikitsa milingo yotalikirapo yosiya kuyimitsa kungalepheretse kutuluka msanga trades chifukwa cha kutsetsereka kwakung'ono, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsidwa kumatha kuloleza trades kusintha dynamically poyankha mayendedwe amtengo.

Komanso, traders atha kutengera njira yowongoka kwambiri yowongoleredwa. Pochepetsa kukula kwa munthu payekha trades, atha kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa msika wamaoda awo ndikuchepetsa mwayi wotsetsereka kwambiri.

3.2. Njira Zochepetsera Kutsika

Ngakhale machitidwe abwino angathandize kuchepetsa mwayi wozembera, palinso njira zinazake traders ikhoza kutengera kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwake kwambiri. Njirazi ndizofunikira kwambiri traders ikugwira ntchito m'misika yosasinthika kapena yochepa, komwe kutsika kumakhala kofala.

3.2.1. Konzani Njira Zoyika Maoda

Imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zochepetsera kutsetsereka ndikuyeretsa m'mene maoda ayikidwa komanso nthawi yake. Ochita malonda apewe kugwiritsa ntchito maoda amsika panthawi yakusakhazikika bwino kapena akamagulitsa zinthu zomwe zili ndi ndalama zochepa. Monga tanena kale, malire malire akhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha slippage poika mtengo wokonzedweratu wa trade.

Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zosintha zololera. Mapulatifomu ambiri ogulitsa amalola traders kuti akhazikitse kutsika kovomerezeka kwapanthawi yoperekedwa trade. Pochita izi, a trader akhoza kulamulira momwe iwo akulolera kuti mtengo usamuke kuchokera pamlingo wofunidwa pamaso pa trade yathetsedwa. Njirayi ndiyothandiza makamaka kwakanthawi kochepa traders omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kupatuka kwa mitengo.

3.2.2. Ganizirani Njira Zina Zogulitsira

M'misika ina, kutsika kumatha kuchepetsedwa pochita malonda m'malo ena kapena kusinthanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamsika wa forex, opereka ndalama zosiyanasiyana ndi kusinthanitsa atha kupereka mitengo yabwinoko nthawi zosiyanasiyana, makamaka panthawi yamalonda olemera. Amalonda ntchito maukonde olumikizirana pamagetsi (ECNs) or maiwe akuda Nthawi zambiri amatha kupeza ndalama zozama komanso mitengo yampikisano, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kutsika.

Komanso, zina brokers kupereka kusintha kwamtengo mapulogalamu, omwe amasaka mitengo yabwinoko kuposa momwe msika uliri pano kuti uchite trades. Pochita malonda pa malo omwe amaika patsogolo liwiro komanso kulondola kwamitengo, traders ikhoza kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi kutsetsereka kwakukulu.

3.2.3. Gwiritsani Ntchito Mitundu Yambiri Yakuyitanitsa (mwachitsanzo, Maoda a Iceberg, Maoda Obisika)

Mitundu yamadongosolo apamwamba imatha kukhala chida champhamvu pakuwongolera kutsika, makamaka kwa traders omwe amachita zambiri kapena omwe akufuna kupewa kukopa msika ndi awo trades. Mitundu yambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi:

• Iceberg Orders: Malamulo a Iceberg amalola traders kugawa dongosolo lalikulu m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, owoneka, ndikusunga kukula kwadongosolo kobisika. Izi zimalepheretsa madongosolo akuluakulu kuti asasunthe msika ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kutsetsereka, popeza kuchuluka kwa dongosololi sikuwululidwa kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamsika.
• Malamulo Obisika: Maoda obisika amafanana ndi oda ya iceberg, koma amasunga kukula konseko kobisika. Malamulo obisika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe traders kupewa kuchenjeza msika waukulu trades, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kusintha kwamitengo mwachangu ndikuwonjezera kutsika.

Mitundu yamadongosolo apamwambawa ndi othandiza pochepetsa kukhudzika kwa msika, makamaka m'misika yopyapyala kapena yopanda pake pomwe ikukula trades ikhoza kuyambitsa kusuntha kwakukulu kwamitengo.

3.2.4. Chepetsani Kukula kwa Malonda

Njira ina yochepetsera kuterera ndi chepetsani kukula kwa munthu payekha trades. Maoda akulu amatha kusuntha msika, makamaka m'misika yamadzi ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsetsereka. Mwa kuswa mokulirapo trades kukhala ang'onoang'ono, traders ikhoza kuchepetsa mwayi wotsetsereka chifukwa wocheperako trades sangakhudze mtengo wamsika.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader ikufuna kugula magawo 10,000 amasheya pamsika wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, kutsatira dongosolo lonse nthawi imodzi kumatha kukweza mtengowo, ndikupangitsa kutsika. Pakugawa dongosolo mu midadada ang'onoang'ono ndi kuziyika izo pakapita nthawi, the trader imachepetsa kukhudzika kwa msika ndikuchepetsa kutsetsereka.

3.2.5. Nthawi Yanu Yogulitsa Mwanzeru

Nthawi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa kutsetsereka. Amalonda amatha kuchepetsa kutsetsereka popewa nthawi zosasinthika kwambiri, monga nthawi isanayambe kapena itatha kutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwachuma, zolengeza zopeza, kapena zochitika zadziko. Mwa kusunga nthawi tradepa nthawi yabata ya msika, traders ikhoza kuchepetsa mwayi wa kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwamitengo.

Kuphatikiza apo, traders akhoza kutenga malondavantage of mawindo a liquidity. Mwachitsanzo, mu malonda a forex, ndalama zamadzimadzi zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri panthawi ya msika waukulu (mwachitsanzo, London ndi New York). Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ndalama kumatanthauza kuchulukirachulukira kwa kuyitanitsa komanso kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono.

3.3. Kuwongolera Ngozi ndi Slippage

Slippage ikhoza kukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakuwongolera zoopsa. Ochita malonda omwe amalephera kuwerengera njira zoyendetsera ngozi zawo atha kupezeka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa momwe amayembekezera, chifukwa kuterera kungayambitse. trades kuti aphedwe pamitengo yoipitsitsa kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Gawoli likuwunika momwe kutsetsereka kumayenderana ndi kasamalidwe ka zoopsa komanso kumapereka njira zophatikizira kutsetsereka mu dongosolo lathunthu lowongolera zoopsa.

3.3.1. Momwe Slippage Ingakhudzire Kuwongolera Zowopsa

Kuwongolera zoopsa kumakhudza kuwongolera kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike pokhazikitsa malangizo omveka bwino trade kukula, milingo yosiya kutayika, ndi kukula kwa malo. Komabe, kutsetsereka kumatha kusokoneza mapulaniwa ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera pachiwopsezo m'njira zingapo:

• Zotayika Zosayembekezeka Chifukwa cha Kuyimitsa-Kutayika: Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zomwe kutsetsereka kumakhudza kasamalidwe ka chiwopsezo ndi pamene kusokoneza malamulo osiya kuyimitsa. Kuyimitsa-kutaya kumatanthauza kuchepetsa kutsika kwa a trade pogulitsa kapena kugula katunduyo mtengo wake ukafika pamlingo wakutiwakuti. Komabe, ngati msika ukuyenda mwachangu kwambiri, mtengo weniweni wa kuyimitsa-kutaya ukhoza kukhala woyipa kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka komwe trader anafuna. Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader imayika kuyimitsa kugulitsa katundu pa $ 50, koma kutsika kumachitika ndipo katunduyo akugulitsidwa pa $ 48, kutayika kwake ndi kwakukulu kuposa momwe ankayembekezera. Kutsetsereka kotereku kumatha kusokoneza kwambiri chiwopsezo cha mphotho.
• Kuchulukitsa Kuwonekera: Ngati kutsetsereka kumachitika panjira yolowera, traders akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo mopanda dala kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader amalowa pamalo aatali pamtengo wokwera kuposa momwe adakonzera chifukwa chakutsetsereka, kuyimitsidwa kwawo kutha tsopano kukhala pafupi ndi malo olowera, kusiya malo ocheperako. trade kusuntha musanamenye kuyimitsidwa. Izi sizimangowonjezera mwayi woti kuyimitsa kuyambika komanso kumakhudzanso kuopsa kwa mphotho. trade.
• Zolakwika Zowerengera Zowopsa: Ambiri traders amatengera kukula kwa malo awo ndi kuwerengera zoopsa pamitengo yomwe akuyembekezeka kulowa ndi kutuluka. Slippage, komabe, imabweretsa kusayembekezereka pakuwerengera uku. Ngati mtengo weniweni womwe a trade imachitidwa mopotoka kwambiri pamtengo woyembekezeredwa, kuwonetseredwa kwachiwopsezo kungakhale kokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe amafunira. Izi ndizovuta makamaka kwa traders omwe amatsatira malamulo okhwima owongolera ziwopsezo, monga kuyika pachiwopsezo chochepa cha ndalama zawo pa chilichonse trade. Kutsetsereka kumatha kusokoneza mwambowu, kumabweretsa zotayika zazikulu kuposa zomwe zimayembekezeredwa.

3.3.2. Njira Zophatikizira Slippage mu Mapulani Oyang'anira Zowopsa

Kuteteza ku zoopsa zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha kuterera, traders ikhoza kukhazikitsa njira zomwe zimawerengera makamaka kuthekera kwapatuka kwamitengo. Kuphatikizira kutsetsereka pakukonza zowongolera zoopsa kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale kutsetsereka kumachitika, sikubweretsa chiwopsezo chochulukirapo kapena kutayika kosayembekezereka.

• Sinthani Milingo Yoyimitsa-Kutayika kwa Slippage: Amalonda amatha kusintha milingo yawo yoyimitsa kuti azitha kutsetsereka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati msika ukusokonekera ndipo kutsetsereka ndizotheka, a trader akhoza kukhazikitsa dongosolo loyimitsa-kutaya nkhupakupa zingapo kutali ndi mtengo wawo woyima. Izi zimapereka chitetezo ngati kutsetsereka kumachitika ndikulepheretsa kuyimitsidwa kuti zisayambike msanga. Komabe, traders ayenera kukhala osamala posintha masinthidwe otayika kwambiri, chifukwa izi zitha kukulitsa chiwopsezo chonse.
• Gwiritsani Ntchito Maoda Otsimikizika Oyimitsa Otayika: Ena brokers kupereka zodalirika zoyimitsa kutayika (GSLOs), zomwe zimawonetsetsa kuti kuyimitsidwa kwanu kuchitidwa pamtengo womwe mwakhazikitsa, mosasamala kanthu za msika kapena kutsika. Ngakhale kuti ma GSLO nthawi zambiri amabwera ndi mtengo wowonjezera, amatha kupereka mtendere wamumtima m'misika yosasinthika popewa kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kuti zisakhudze malamulo oyimitsa. Ogulitsa ayenera kuyeza mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito ma GSLO motsutsana ndi kuwonongeka komwe kungabwere chifukwa cha kulephera kwa kuyimitsidwa kokhudzana ndi kutsika.
• Factor in Slippage Powerengetsera Kukula Kwa Udindo: Amalonda atha kuphatikizira chotchinga chotsetsereka powerengera kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati a trader amayembekeza kutsika kwapakati pa 1% kutengera mbiri yakale, atha kusintha kukula kwawo kuti awonetsetse kuti kutsetsereka kowonjezera sikudutsa chiwopsezo chomwe adakonzeratu. Njirayi ndiyothandiza makamaka pama frequency apamwamba traders ndi omwe trade m'misika yosasunthika kapena yamadzi otsika komwe kutsika kumakhala kofala.
• Yang'anirani Mikhalidwe Yamsika: Kutsetsereka kumakonda kuchitika pafupipafupi ngati kusakhazikika kapena kuonda traded misika. Ochita malonda ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa misika yomwe akugulitsa ndikusintha njira zawo zoyendetsera zoopsa malinga ndi momwe msika uliri. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya kusakhazikika kwakukulu, a trader atha kuchepetsa kukula kwa malo awo kapena kukulitsa kuyimitsidwa kwawo kuti awerengere mwayi wochulukirachulukira.
• Khazikitsani Zoyembekeza Zenizeni Zolowera ndi Kutuluka: Amalonda akuyenera kukhala ndi ziyembekezo zenizeni ponena za malo awo olowera ndi kutuluka, makamaka m'misika yomwe ikuyenda mwachangu. M'malo mongofuna kutsata mitengo yeniyeni, traders ikhoza kuwerengera mitengo yaying'ono yovomerezeka, potero kuchepetsa kukhumudwa kwa kutsetsereka ndikupanga njira zawo zowongolera zoopsa kukhala zosinthika.

4. Maphunziro a Nkhani

Kuwunika zitsanzo zenizeni za slippage kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha momwe kutsetsereka kungakhudzire zotsatira zamalonda ndi njira. traders angagwiritse ntchito kuchepetsa zotsatira zake. Kafukufuku wochitika m'misika yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza forex, equities, ndi cryptocurrencies, akuwonetsa zovuta zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikupereka maphunziro opewa kutayika kwakukulu.

4.1. Zitsanzo Zenizeni Zapadziko Lonse za Slippage

4.1.1. Milandu Yambiri Yotayika Yogwirizana ndi Slippage

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za zotayika zokhudzana ndi slippage zidachitika panthawi ya 2015 Swiss Franc Kuwonongeka kwa Flash. Pa Januware 15, 2015, Swiss National Bank mosayembekezereka idachotsa chipewa cha Swiss franc motsutsana ndi euro, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti franc ichuluke pafupifupi 30% m'mphindi zochepa. Izi zidadzetsa chisokonezo m'misika ya forex, ndi ambiri traders sanathe kuchita zawo trades pamitengo yomwe akufuna chifukwa chakusakhazikika komanso kusowa kwachuma.

Pamwambowu, tradeKugwiritsa ntchito maoda oyimitsa kutayika kwa ndalama zamagulu a ndalama za Swiss Franc kunatsika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, traders omwe anali ndi vuto loyimitsa pa 1.20 EUR / CHF anapeza awo trades adaphedwa motsika mpaka 0.85 EUR/CHF, kutsika kwambiri komwe amayembekezereka kutuluka. Kutsika kwakukulu uku kudabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa ogulitsa ndi mabungwe traders mofanana, ndi forex zingapo brokerakupita ku bankirapuse chifukwa amalephera kubweza zomwe makasitomala awo adaluza.

Chitsanzo china chodziwika bwino chinachitika pa nthawi ya 2010 Flash Crash ku US equities. Pa Meyi 6, 2010, Dow Jones Industrial Average idatsika pafupifupi mapointi 1,000 m'mphindi zochepa, kubweza zambiri zomwe zidatayika posakhalitsa. Kuwonongeka kwa Flash uku, komwe kudayambitsidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa malonda a algorithmic ndi kuchepa kwamadzimadzi, kudapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsetsereka kwakukulu kwa traders kugwiritsa ntchito maoda amsika kapena kuyimitsa-kutaya pamwambowu. Zogulitsa zina traded pamitengo yotsika kwambiri kwakanthawi kochepa-Accenture, mwachitsanzo, idatsika kwakanthawi kuchoka pa $40 mpaka $0.01 yokha. Amalonda omwe anali ndi malamulo osiya-kutaya m'malo adawona malo awo atatsekedwa pamitengo yotsika kwambiri iyi, zomwe zidabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu, kosayembekezereka chifukwa chakutsika kwambiri.

4.1.2. Mfundo Zazikulu M'nkhani Izi

Kuchokera pazitsanzo ziwirizi, maphunziro angapo ovuta okhudza kutsetsereka akutuluka:

1. Kusasunthika Kwamsika Kukhoza Kupangitsa Kutsika Kwambiri: Zowonongeka zonse za Swiss franc flash ndi 2010 US flash crash zikuwonetsa kuti kutsetsereka kumatha kukhala kopitilira muyeso panthawi yomwe msika ukuyenda bwino. Amalonda ayenera kudziwa kuti kutsetsereka kumatha kuchulukirachulukira panthawi ngati izi, ndipo njira zawo zowongolera zoopsa ziyenera kuwerengera izi.
2. Kuyimitsa-Kutayika Sichitsimikizo: Ambiri traders amakhulupirira molakwika kuti malamulo oletsa kutayika adzawateteza ku zotayika zowopsa. Komabe, monga zikuwonekera muzochitika izi, kuyimitsa-kutaya kumatha kuchitidwa pamitengo yotsika kwambiri pamlingo womwe wafunidwa pakakhala kusakhazikika komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama zamadzimadzi. Amalonda akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma guaranteed stop-loss order (GSLOs) akapezeka kuti awonetsetse kuti awo trades amaphedwa pa mtengo weniweni womwe amaika.
3. Kufunika kwa Broker ndi Platform Stability: Zitsanzo zonsezi zikusonyeza kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito yodalirika broker ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera zoopsa. Ambiri traders adawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha iwo brokers analibe ndalama zochitira tradepamitengo yabwino. Kusankha broker ndi mwayi wopezera ndalama zambiri komanso zomangamanga zolimba zitha kuthandiza kuchepetsa kutsetsereka panthawi yamavuto.
4. Kukonzekera Zochitika Zosayembekezereka: Zochitika zamsika zosayembekezereka, monga zisankho za banki yapakati kapena kuwonongeka kwa flash, zitha kuyambitsa kutsetsereka. Ochita malonda ayenera kukhala okonzeka nthawi zonse zosayembekezereka pokhazikitsa milingo yoyenera yoyendetsera ngozi ndikumvetsetsa kuthekera kwa kutsetsereka panthawi yakusatsimikizika kwakukulu.

4.2. Njira Zabwino Zochepetsera Kutsika

ena tradeRS ndi makampani agwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zochepetsera kutsetsereka, makamaka m'misika yosasinthika kapena pochita malonda ambiri. Njirazi zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha momwe kutsetsereka kungayendetsedwe bwino.

Chitsanzo chimodzi ndikuchokera kumakampani a High-Frequency Trading (HFT) omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms apamwamba kuti achite. trades mu milliseconds. Makampaniwa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutsetsereka, chifukwa ngakhale kupatuka pang'ono pamitengo yoyembekezeredwa kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma pakapita nthawi. Kuti muchepetse kutsika, makampani a HFT amagwiritsa ntchito zopitilira muyeso zomwe zimawononga kwambiri trades kukhala "malamulo ang'onoang'ono" omwe amaperekedwa mochulukira pakapita nthawi. Njirayi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti algorithmic dongosolo slicing, imalepheretsa maoda akuluakulu kuti asasunthe msika, kuchepetsa mwayi wotsetsereka.

Njira ina yopambana ndikugwiritsa ntchito maiwe akuda ndi mabungwe traders. Maiwe amdima ndi malo ochitirako malonda apayekha komwe magawo akulu amatha kukhala traded mosadziwika, kulepheretsa msika kuchitapo kanthu pamadongosolo akulu. Izi zimathandizira kuchepetsa mtengo wamagulu akuluakulu trades, kuchepetsa kutsetsereka. Ngakhale maiwe akuda nthawi zambiri sapezeka kugulitsa traders, amapereka yankho lothandiza kwa osewera omwe akufuna kuchepetsa kutsika kwakukulu trades.

Komanso, kuphatikizika kwa liquidity-kuphatikiza ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo-yakhala njira yopambana kwa ena traders. Pokhala ndi ndalama zozama kudzera pamagetsi olumikizirana pakompyuta (ECNs) ndi malo ena ogulitsa, traders imatha kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kutsetsereka, makamaka pochita malonda m'misika yamadzimadzi yochepa kapena munthawi yamavuto.

Kutsiliza

Slippage ndi gawo losapeŵeka la malonda lomwe lingakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa phindu, kuwongolera zoopsa, ndi trade kuphedwa. Zimachitika pamene mtengo wa katundu umayenda pakati pa nthawi a trade dongosolo limayikidwa ndi pamene likuchitidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa mtengo woyembekezeredwa ndi wozindikiridwa. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chofala kwambiri m'misika yosasinthika komanso yosasinthika koma imatha kukhudza mtundu uliwonse wa trade mumsika uliwonse.

Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kutsetsereka, monga kusakhazikika kwa msika, zovuta zazachuma, ndi mtundu wa dongosolo lomwe layikidwa, ndikofunikira kuti tradeomwe akufuna kuchepetsa mphamvu zake. Kutsetsereka kwakuchita, komwe kuchedwa kukonzedwa trades kumabweretsa kusintha kwamitengo, ndi kutsika kwamitengo, komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwachangu kwamitengo yazinthu, zonse zimathandizira pamavuto. traders amakumana ndi kusunga njira zopindulitsa.

Njira zochepetsera bwino ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse kutsetsereka ndikuwongolera zoopsa zake. Amalonda akhoza kuchepetsa zotsatira za slippage pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa malire m'malo mwa malamulo a msika, kusankha olemekezeka brokers ndi nsanja zodalirika zamalonda, kumvetsetsa momwe msika ulili, ndikukhazikitsa njira zowongolera zoopsa. Njira zapamwamba, monga kugwiritsa ntchito iceberg kapena zobisika zobisika, nthawi trades pa nthawi ya ndalama zambiri, komanso kugawanika kwakukulu tradem'maoda ang'onoang'ono, atsimikizira kuti apambana pakuchepetsa kutsetsereka kwa ogulitsa ndi mabungwe traders.

Zitsanzo zenizeni, monga 2015 Swiss Franc Flash Crash ndi 2010 US Flash Crash, zikuwonetsa zotsatira zazikulu zachuma za kuchepa kwachuma, makamaka munthawi yakusakhazikika pamsika. Maphunzirowa amatsindikanso kufunikira kokonzekera, kuyang'anira bwino chiopsezo, ndi kugwira ntchito mokhazikika brokers ndi nsanja kuti muteteze ku zovuta zoyipa za kuterera.

Pomaliza, ngakhale kutsetsereka sikungathetsedwe konse, traders omwe akudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake - komanso omwe amatsatira njira zochepetsera - amatha kuteteza phindu lawo ndikuwongolera chiwopsezo moyenera. Podziwa zida ndi njira zomwe zilipo kuti muchepetse kutsetsereka, traders adzakhala okonzeka kuthana ndi zovuta zamisika yamakono yamakono.