1. Mau oyamba a Zandalama zamakhalidwe
Dziko losangalatsa la Ndalama Zakhalidwe amaphatikiza zinthu zama psychology ndi zachuma kuti amvetsetse momwe anthu amapangira zisankho m'misika yazachuma. Ndi gawo lomwe limafufuza zapakati pa umunthu wa munthu, zovuta zake, ndi zosamveka, zomwe nthano zachikhalidwe zazachuma nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyaza. Zachuma zachikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, zimaganiza kuti osunga ndalama onse ndi oganiza bwino ndipo amapanga zisankho potengera kukulitsa chuma chawo. Komabe, n’zodziŵika bwino kuti si nthawi zonse anthu amene ali oganiza bwino, osaganiziranso za nkhani zachuma.
Ndalama Zakhalidwe ikufuna kuthetsa kusiyana kumeneku pofufuza momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe ndi zokondera zingakhudzire zosankha zathu zachuma, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ku zotsatira zochepa. Ndi dera lomwe limafufuza za chizolowezi cha anthu chofuna kutengeka kwambiri ndi nkhani, zabwino kapena zoyipa, zomwe zimatsogolera kukukwera kwamitengo komwe sikukugwirizana ndi mtengo wandalama. Imayang'ananso momwe anthu amakhalira odzidalira mopambanitsa pa luso lawo, zomwe zimawatsogolera trade zochulukirachulukira ndipo zimawononga ndalama zambiri zogulira.
Kutaya Kukhumudwa, mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu Behavioral Finance, ikusonyeza kuti anthu amamva ululu wotaya ndalama kuposa mmene amasangalalira. Mfundo imeneyi nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kupanga zisankho zopanda nzeru, monga kupitirizabe kutaya ndalama kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa kofunika ndikuyembekeza kusintha kapena kugulitsa ndalama zomwe zapambana posachedwa kuti tipeze phindu.
Kutsimikizira Kukondera Ndi khalidwe lina lofala kwambiri limene anthu amakonda kutengera mfundo zimene zimatsimikizira zimene amakhulupirira komanso kunyalanyaza zimene akukumana nazo. Pankhani yoyika ndalama, kukondera kumeneku kungayambitse kutsindika kwambiri pa nkhani zabwino za ndalama komanso kusatsindika pa nkhani zoipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zisankho zabwino kwambiri za ndalama.
Ndalama Zakhalidwe amafufuzanso za Herding Effect, kumene anthu amatengera zochita za anzawo, zomwe zimawatsogolera kutsatira unyinji wa anthu, ngakhale zitatanthauza kupanga zosankha zandalama zopanda nzeru. Izi nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsa ming'oma yongopeka komanso kugwa mwadzidzidzi kwa msika.
Pomvetsetsa izi ndi zokondera zina zamakhalidwe, anthu amatha kudzizindikira bwino pakupanga zisankho zachuma ndikupewa kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Komanso, zitha kuthandiza alangizi azachuma kuti agwirizane ndi upangiri wawo kwa kasitomala aliyense, poganizira mikhalidwe yawo yapadera komanso kukondera.
1.1. Tanthauzo la Makhalidwe Achuma
Pazachuma, zitsanzo zachikhalidwe zimakonda kugwira ntchito poganiza kuti anthu ndi zolengedwa zomveka, kupanga zosankha zomveka potengera zomwe zilipo. Komabe, munda wa Ndalama Zakhalidwe amatsutsa malingaliro awa, kuphunzira momwe psychology imakhudzira machitidwe a akatswiri azachuma komanso zotsatira zake pamisika.
Pakati pake, Ndalama Zakhalidwe ndi gawo lophatikizana lomwe limagwirizanitsa chiphunzitso chamalingaliro azamaganizidwe ndi azachuma wamba ndi zachuma. Imafuna kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu amapangira zisankho zopanda nzeru pankhani zachuma, kapena m'malo mwake, zisankho zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe zanenedweratu ndi nthanthi yakale yazachuma kapena zachuma.
Ndalama Zakhalidwe zimazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu sakhala olingalira kapena odzikonda nthaŵi zonse, koma zosankha zawo zimasonkhezeredwa ndi kukondera kosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akhoza kukhudzidwa ndi malingaliro amalingaliro monga kudzidalira kwambiri or kusokonezeka. Kudzidalira mopambanitsa kumatanthawuza ku chikhulupiriro cha osunga ndalama kuti ndi abwino kuposa ena posankha zabwino kwambiri m'matangadza kapena kulosera kumene mitengo ya katundu idzapita. Kumbali inayi, kukana kutayika kumatanthauza chizolowezi cha osunga ndalama chokonda kupeŵa kutayika kuti apeze phindu, zomwe zimawatsogolera kuti asatayike masheya ndikuyembekeza kuti abwereranso.
Lingaliro lina lofunikira mu Ndalama Zakhalidwe is chiphunzitso cha chiyembekezo, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti anthu amasankha zinthu mogwirizana ndi phindu la zinthu zimene zingatayikire komanso zimene apeza m’malo motengera zotsatira zake zomaliza. Chiphunzitsochi chikusonyeza kuti kupweteka kwa kutaya ndi maganizo amphamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa chisangalalo chopeza, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osasamala.
Kumvetsetsa zakukhudzidwa kwamaganizidwe ndi kukondera ndikofunikira chifukwa kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamsika, monga kuphulika kwa katundu ndi kuwonongeka, zomwe ndalama zachikhalidwe zimavutikira kufotokoza. Ndalama Zakhalidwe imapereka kumvetsetsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zochitika izi, komanso, kungathandize osunga ndalama ndi akatswiri azachuma kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino.
Pomaliza, Ndalama Zakhalidwe ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe limapereka zidziwitso zofunikira pazamalingaliro zomwe zimakhudza zisankho zamabizinesi, ndipo pamapeto pake zimapereka chidziwitso chokwanira chamsika wamsika.
1.2. Kufunika kwa Behavioral Finance mu Kuyika
Kumvetsetsa khalidwe laumunthu ndi mphamvu zake pakupanga zisankho zachuma ndi maziko a kuyika bwino ndalama. Apa ndi pamene lingaliro la zachuma zamakhalidwe imalowa m'magawo, gawo lazachuma lazakhalidwe lomwe limasanthula zotsatira zamalingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pazosankha zachuma za anthu ndi mabungwe ndi zotsatira zamitengo yamsika, zobweza, ndi kugawa kwazinthu.
Imodzi mwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za zachuma zamakhalidwe ndikuti anthu sakhala oganiza bwino nthawi zonse, ndipo zosankha zawo zimatha kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana kupitilira mfundo zolimba, zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, zochitika, kapena njira zachidule zamaganizidwe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu posankha ndalama. Njira zazifupizi zimatha kuyambitsa kukondera, monga kudzidalira mopambanitsa, komwe wochita bizinesi angakhulupirire kuti amadziwa zambiri kuposa momwe amachitira, kapena kukhazikika, pomwe wochita malonda amadalira kwambiri chidziwitso chimodzi.
Chiphunzitso cha chiyembekezo, lingaliro lina lofunika kwambiri pankhani ya zachuma, limasonyeza kuti anthu amayamikira zopindula ndi zotayika mosiyana. Amasautsidwa kwambiri ndi kutayika komwe kukuyembekezeka kuposa momwe amasangalalira ndi zopindula zofanana. Izi zitha kupangitsa kupanga zisankho zopanda nzeru, monga kupitiriza kutaya masheya kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyembekeza kuti abwereranso, kapena kugulitsa masheya omwe apambana mwachangu kuti atseke zomwe apeza.
Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe awa ndi kukondera kungathandize osunga ndalama kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa za chizoloŵezi chodzidalira kwambiri kungapangitse wogulitsa ndalama kuti afufuze zowonjezera kapena malingaliro achiwiri asanapange chisankho. Kuzindikira chikoka cha anchoring kungapangitse kusanthula mozama kwa mfundo zonse zofunikira, osati kungoyambira chabe.
Maganizo amathandizanso kwambiri pakuyika ndalama. Mantha ndi umbombo zingayambitse mayendedwe a msika, ndipo osunga ndalama akhoza kutengeka ndi malingaliro a msika. Kuzindikira udindo wa zomverera kungachititse kuti ndalama zambiri mwanzeru njira, monga kukhazikitsa ndi kumamatira ku malo omwe munakonzedweratu ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera mtengo wa dola kuti muchepetse zotsatira za Malonda osasunthika.
Pamapeto pake, kufunikira kwa kakhalidwe kazachuma pakuyika ndalama kwagona pakutha kupereka chidziwitso chambiri pamakhalidwe amsika komanso kupanga zisankho zamunthu payekha. Povomereza ndikumvetsetsa zinthu zaumunthu izi, osunga ndalama amatha kupewa zolakwika zamtengo wapatali ndikupanga zisankho zogwira mtima kwambiri zogulira. Sikungomvetsetsa manambala, koma kumvetsetsa anthu omwe ali kumbuyo kwa manambala. Ndipo ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zamakhalidwe kukhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakuyika ndalama.
1.3. Kusiyana pakati pa Traditional Finance ndi Behavioral Finance
Dziko lazachuma mwamwambo lakhala likulamulidwa ndi zitsanzo zachuma zomveka zomwe amaganiza kuti anthu nthawi zonse amapanga zisankho zomwe zimakulitsa chuma chawo. Wodziwika ngati Ndalama Zachikhalidwe, zitsanzozi zimamangidwa pa mfundo yakuti misika ndi yabwino komanso kuti osunga ndalama ndi oyang'anira ali ndi mwayi wodziwa zonse zofunikira popanga zisankho. Izi zikutanthauza kuti misika nthawi zonse imadzikonza yokha komanso kuti zopatuka zilizonse kuchokera pakuchita bwino kwa msika zimangokhala mwachisawawa komanso sizingadziwike.
Komabe, zokumana nazo komanso umboni wotsimikizira zawonetsa kuti malingaliro awa sakhala owona nthawi zonse. Apa ndi pamene Ndalama Zakhalidwe imalowa. Cholinga chake ndi kuthandizira ndalama zachikhalidwe poyambitsa psychology ya anthu mumsanganizo. Behavioral Finance imavomereza kuti anthu sakhala oganiza bwino nthawi zonse ndipo nthawi zambiri amapanga zisankho zachuma potengera momwe akumvera, kukondera, komanso malingaliro (njira zazifupi).
Mwachitsanzo, anthu amavutika kudzidalira mopambanitsa kukondera, komwe angaganizire mopambanitsa zomwe akudziwa kapena kuthekera kwawo kulosera zamsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zisankho zoopsa zachuma. Kukondera kwina kofala ndi kusokonezeka, pomwe anthu amakonda kupeŵa kutayika m'malo mwa kupeza phindu lofanana. Izi zitha kupangitsa kupanga zisankho mopanda nzeru, monga kupitiriza kutaya masheya kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyembekeza kuti abwereranso.
Pomwe Traditional Finance imaganiza choncho osunga ndalama amadana ndi zoopsa, Behavioral Finance imazindikira zimenezo chiopsezo kulolerana kungasiyane kwambiri pakati pa anthu ndipo kungasonkhezeredwe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo malingaliro ndi zokumana nazo zaumwini. Izi zingayambitse kusagwirizana ndi khalidwe lachuma lomwe limawoneka lopanda nzeru, monga munthu amene nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chiopsezo chosankha kuyika chuma chamtengo wapatali, chobweza kwambiri chifukwa cha chikoka cha nkhani zaposachedwapa kapena maganizo a ena.
Kuphatikiza apo, Behavioral Finance imawunikanso momwe chikhalidwe zinthu ndi Kulephera kuzindikira zitha kukhudza zosankha zamabizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ali ndi luso lochepa la kukumbukira ndi kukonza, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zowonjezereka pofufuza zambiri zachuma. Zinthu zamagulu monga chikhalidwe cha ziweto zingakhudzenso zosankha zachuma, pamene anthu amatsatira zochita za gulu lalikulu, ngakhale zikutsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo kapena chidziwitso chawo.
Mwachidule, pamene Traditional Finance imapereka malingaliro ofunikira ndi zitsanzo zomvetsetsa misika yazachuma, Behavioral Finance imapereka malingaliro ochulukirapo omwe amaganizira kuyanjana kwamalingaliro, kukondera, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu popanga zisankho zachuma. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chida chofunikira kwambiri kwa osunga ndalama, alangizi azachuma, ndi opanga mfundo omwe akuyang'ana kuti amvetsetse bwino ndikuyendetsa misika yazachuma.
2. Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri pa Zachuma Kakhalidwe
Ndalama zamakhalidwe ndi gawo lomwe cholinga chake ndi kuphatikiza mbali zamalingaliro ndi chidziwitso pakupanga zisankho zamunthu ndi nthanthi yakale yazachuma ndi zachuma. Ndi gawo lomwe lingakhudze kwambiri zisankho zomwe mungapange, zomwe zingakhudze tsogolo lanu lazachuma. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zamakhalidwe azachuma kungakuthandizeni kupanga zisankho pazachuma ndikukuthandizani kupewa misampha yodziwika bwino pazachuma.
Limodzi mwa malingaliro ofunikira pazachuma zamakhalidwe ndi lingaliro la zochitika. Heuristics ndi njira zazifupi zamaganizidwe zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito popanga zisankho kapena kuweruza mwachangu. Ngakhale njira zazifupizi zimatha kupulumutsa nthawi, zimatha kuyambitsa kukondera komanso zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, wochita malonda akhoza kudalira njira zamakono monga 'ntchito zam'mbuyomu ndi chizindikiro cha zotsatira zamtsogolo,' zomwe zimawatsogolera kuti agule masheya omwe achita bwino posachedwapa, mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wake weniweni kapena kuthekera kwake.
Kutaya kuda ndi lingaliro lina lofunikira pazachuma zamakhalidwe. Limanena za chizolowezi cha anthu okonda kupewa kutayika m'malo mopeza phindu lofanana. Chizoloŵezichi chingayambitse kupanga zisankho mopanda nzeru, monga kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zomwe zatayika kwa nthawi yaitali ndikuyembekeza kuti zidzabwereranso, kapena kugulitsa ndalama zomwe zapindula mofulumira kwambiri kuti mutseke phindu.
Kudzidalira mopambanitsa ndi khalidwe lina lolembedwa bwino lomwe. Odzidalira mopambanitsa amalipiritsa mopambanitsa maluso awo, chidziwitso chawo, ndi kulondola kwa zoneneratu zawo. Kukondera kumeneku kungayambitse malonda ochulukirapo, osakwanira zosiyana, ndipo pamapeto pake, subpar investment performance.
Lingaliro kuwerengera kwamalingaliro ndizofunikanso pazachuma zamakhalidwe. Zimatanthawuza chizolowezi chakuti anthu amalekanitsa ndalama zawo m'maakaunti osiyanasiyana kutengera njira zosiyanasiyana, monga gwero la ndalama ndi zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito pa akaunti iliyonse. Izi zingapangitse zosankha zopanda nzeru zandalama, monga kutenga ngongole ya chiwongola dzanja cha chiwongola dzanja chachikulu kwinaku mukusunga akaunti yosungitsa chiwongola dzanja chochepa.
Pomaliza, a mphamvu yothandizira amatanthauza chizolowezi chakuti anthu amaona kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri akakhala nacho. Izi zitha kuyambitsa zisankho zopanda nzeru, monga kukana kugulitsa katundu wosagwira bwino ntchito chifukwa choti muli nayo.
Pomvetsetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zazachuma zamakhalidwe, mutha kuyamba kuzindikira kukondera ndi zolakwika pakusankha kwanu, kukuthandizani kupanga zisankho zomveka komanso zogwira mtima pazachuma.
2.1. Chiphunzitso cha Prospect
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga zisankho za anthu ndi udindo wa zopindula ndi zotayika. Lingaliro ili ndilo maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Prospect, chitsanzo chosankhidwa. Nthanthi imeneyi inalembedwa ndi Daniel Kahneman ndi Amos Tversky, ndipo ikusonyeza kuti anthu akamaganizira zimene angachite kuti awonongeke komanso zimene apindula, samangoganizira zotulukapo zake. M'malo mwake, amapereka kulemera kwakukulu ku zotayika zomwe zingatheke kusiyana ndi phindu lofanana.
Mwachitsanzo, kupweteka kwa kutaya $100 kumamveka kwambiri kuposa chisangalalo chopeza ndalama zomwezo. Kuwerengera uku kwa asymmetric, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kusokonezeka, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofotokozera za Prospect Theory. Zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa momwe timamvetsetsa khalidwe laumunthu, makamaka pankhani ya zachuma ndi zachuma. Imalongosola chifukwa chake anthu amakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotaya nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe ayenera kukhalira - zowawa zozindikira kuti zatayika zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mphotho yomwe ingakhalepo posintha njira.
Powonjezera gawo lina pakupanga zisankho zaumunthu, Prospect Theory imayambitsanso lingaliro la kudalira kudalira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtengo womwe anthu amaphatikiza pazotsatira zosiyanasiyana umakhudzidwa ndi mfundo zina, osati kuchuluka kwa ndalama kapena katundu. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti mukugula galimoto yatsopano. Mtengo umene mukulolera kulipirira ukhoza kutengera mtengo wa galimotoyo poyamba kapena mtengo wa galimoto yofananayo m’malo mwa ndalama zonse zimene muyenera kulipira.
Pomaliza, ndi kuthekera kulemera Chiphunzitso cha Prospect Theory chimafotokoza za chizolowezi choti anthu azingoganizira mopambanitsa za kuthekera kwa zochitika zosayembekezereka ndikupeputsa kuthekera kwa zochitika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu amagula matikiti a lottery kapena inshuwaransi motsutsana ndi zochitika zomwe zingachitike - amawona mopambanitsa mwayi wopambana kapena kuluza.
Mwachidule, The Prospect Theory imapereka chidziwitso chambiri pakupanga zisankho zaumunthu. Ikugogomezera mfundo yakuti nthaŵi zonse sife ochita zolingalira bwino amene amapenda mosamalitsa mtengo ndi ubwino wa lingaliro lirilonse. M'malo mwake, zosankha zathu zimakhudzidwa ndi kuyanjana kovutirapo kwa zinthu zamaganizidwe, kuphatikiza kukhumudwa, kudalira kudalira, komanso kulemera kwapang'onopang'ono. Kuzindikira kumeneku kungakhale kofunikira m'mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakupanga ndondomeko zogwira mtima ndi njira zotsatsira malonda mpaka kupanga zosankha zandalama.
2.2. Mental Accounting
Teremuyo Mental Accounting kutanthauza njira yachidziwitso yomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito polinganiza, kuwunika, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zathu zachuma. Lingaliro ili, lomwe linayambitsidwa koyamba ndi wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Richard Thaler, likusonyeza kuti anthu amagawaniza chuma chawo m'maakaunti osiyana amalingaliro kutengera njira zosiyanasiyana, monga gwero la ndalama ndi zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito pa akaunti iliyonse.
Mwachitsanzo, mutha kukhala ndi 'akaunti yoganiza' yosiyana ndi malipiro anu, ndalama zomwe mwasunga, kapena bonasi yomwe mwalandira mosayembekezereka, ndipo maakaunti awa atha kugawidwanso malinga ndi zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito monga zofunikira, zamtengo wapatali, kapena zogulitsa. Kugawanika kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhudza momwe timagwiritsira ntchito ndalama komanso zosankha zathu zandalama. Mwachitsanzo, ena angakhale ofunitsitsa kuwononga ndalama mwangozi, monga kuwina lotale kapena bonasi yosayembekezereka, pazinthu zosafunikira kuposa ndalama zamalipiro awo, zomwe angakonde kuzisunga kapena kuziyika.
Mental Accounting zingakhudze kwambiri njira yathu yopangira zisankho zachuma. Zitha kubweretsa zisankho zopanda nzeru, monga kugwiritsitsa katundu wosachita bwino chifukwa adagulidwa ndi ndalama 'zopezedwa movutikira', pomwe amawononga ndalama 'zopanda phindu' pazogulitsa zowopsa. Komabe, itha kukhalanso chida chothandizira kupanga bajeti, kuthandiza anthu kuwongolera chuma chawo popereka ndalama kumaakaunti osiyanasiyana pazifukwa zinazake. Chofunikira ndikuzindikira kuti ndalama ndi fungible - mosasamala kanthu za gwero lake kapena ntchito yake, dola ndi dola. Kumvetsetsa izi kungathandize kupewa kukondera kwachidziwitso komwe kumakhudzana ndi Mental Accounting kuti zisasokoneze zisankho zathu zachuma.
Mental Accounting imagwirizananso kwambiri ndi lingaliro la kusokonezeka. Ichi ndi chizoloŵezi cha anthu okonda kupewa kutayika kusiyana ndi kupeza phindu lofanana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akhoza kukhumudwa kwambiri ndi kutaya $20 kuposa momwe angasangalalire kupeza $20. Izi zitha kubweretsa zisankho zopanda nzeru zandalama, monga kukhalabe ndi katundu wotayika ndikuyembekeza kuti 'zibwereranso' kumtengo wake woyambirira. Kuzindikira kukondera kumeneku kungathandize anthu kupanga zisankho zomveka bwino komanso zopindulitsa kwambiri pazachuma.
Kumvetsetsa ndi kuzindikira mphamvu ya Mental Accounting ikhoza kukhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera njira zathu zachuma. Podziwa zokondera komanso zopanda nzeru zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha chidziwitso ichi, tikhoza kupanga zisankho zambiri zandalama, zomveka, komanso zopindulitsa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, mu gawo lazachuma chamunthu, kudzidziwitsa ndi theka la nkhondo yomwe idapambana.
2.3. Herd Behaviour
Kumvetsetsa lingaliro la khalidwe la ziweto ikhoza kukhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamachitidwe athu m'magulu, zisankho zandalama, komanso kumvetsetsa kwakhalidwe la anthu. Chochitikachi chikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe ali m'gulu amakonda kutsatira makhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, kapena zosankha za ambiri. Lingaliroli lidachokera ku biology yachisinthiko, pomwe inali njira yopulumukira yomwe idathandizira kuteteza anthu kwa adani pomamatirana pagulu.
Makhalidwe a ziweto mwa anthu nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'makhalidwe osiyanasiyana monga momwe msika wamasheya ukuyendera, machitidwe ogula ogula, ngakhalenso miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kukwera kosasinthika ndi kugwa kwa msika wa masheya nthawi zambiri kumabwera chifukwa cha malingaliro a ng'ombe, popeza osunga ndalama amakonda kutsatira zomwe zikuchitika ndikupanga zisankho potengera momwe msika ukuyendera. Momwemonso, machitidwe a ogula amatengera kwambiri zomwe anthu amakonda komanso momwe amagulira ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu monga kuchita mantha kapena kuthamangira zida zaukadaulo zaposachedwa.
Chikoka cha umboni wa anthu amatenga gawo lalikulu mu khalidwe la ziweto. Anthu amakonda kuona zochita ngati zoyenera kapena zolondola ngati aona ena akuchita zomwezo. Izi zitha kuwoneka muzochitika monga kuseka nyimbo mu sitcoms, pomwe omvera amatha kupeza nthabwala zoseketsa ngati amva ena akuseka.
Komabe, khalidwe la ziweto likhozanso kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoipa, monga kufalitsa nkhani zabodza kapena kupanga maganizo a anthu. Kufalikira kwachangu kwa nkhani zabodza kapena mphekesera pamasamba ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha makhalidwe oipa a ziweto, pomwe anthu amagawana kapena kukhulupirira chidziwitso popanda kutsimikizira zowona, motsogozedwa ndi kuti anzawo ambiri akuchitanso chimodzimodzi.
Kumvetsetsa ndi kuyang'anira khalidwe la ziweto ikhoza kukhala chida champhamvu, makamaka m'magawo monga malonda, zachuma, ndi psychology. Kwa otsatsa, kumvetsetsa kakhalidwe ka ziweto kungathandize kupanga njira zotsatsira zomwe zimathandizira umboni wapagulu kuti zikhudze zisankho zogula. Pazachuma, kuzindikira za khalidwe la ziweto kungathandize kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino pomvetsetsa momwe msika ukuyendera. Ndipo mu psychology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kufufuza za khalidwe la ziweto kungapereke chidziwitso cha khalidwe laumunthu ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolakwika, khalidwe la ziweto ndi gawo lachibadwa laumunthu. Monga zolengedwa zapagulu, tili ndi waya kuti tipeze kutsimikizika ndi chitetezo pamawerengero, zomwe zimatitsogolera kugwirizanitsa machitidwe athu ndi omwe ambiri. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingatsogolere ku zosankha kapena zochita zopanda nzeru nthaŵi zina, zimagwiranso ntchito monga umboni wa chikhumbo chathu chachibadwa cha kugwirizana ndi kumvana. Choncho, m'pofunika kukhala osamala ndi kusankha zochita mwanzeru m'malo mongotsatira gululo mwachimbulimbuli.
3. Makhalidwe Omwe Amakondera Pakugulitsa
M'dziko lazachuma, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti zochita zathu ndi zosankha zathu nthawi zambiri zimatengera kukondera kwina. Zokondera izi zitha kukhudza kwambiri njira zathu zopangira ndalama, zomwe zitha kubweretsa zolakwika zambiri.
Kudzidalira Mopambanitsa ndi chimodzi mwa izi, pomwe osunga ndalama amakhulupirira kuti amatha kusankha masheya kapena kuwerengera nthawi yomwe msika umakhala wabwino kuposa momwe ulili. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatha kuyambitsa malonda ochulukirachulukira ndikuyika pachiwopsezo, zomwe, zimachepetsa kubweza komwe kungabwere. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Barber and Odean (2000) adawonetsa kuti odzidalira mopambanitsa traded 45% kuposa osunga ndalama oganiza bwino, omwe adatsitsa kubweza kwawo pachaka ndi 2.65%.
Kutsimikizira Kukondera ndi kukondera kwina kofala, kumene osunga ndalama amafunafuna chidziwitso chomwe chimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zawo zomwe zilipo kwinaku akunyalanyaza umboni wotsutsana. Izi zingachititse munthu kukhala ndi maganizo abwino kwambiri pankhani ya ndalama, chifukwa amangoganizira mfundo zimene zikugwirizana ndi maganizo awo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi zitha kubweretsa zisankho zoyipa chifukwa zimalepheretsa kuwunika moyenera zoopsa zomwe zingachitike komanso mphotho.
Kutaya Kukonda Kukondera, Lingaliro lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Kahneman ndi Tversky, ndilo chizolowezi choti osunga ndalama azikonda kwambiri kupewa kutayika kusiyana ndi kupeza phindu lofanana. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kupweteka kwa kutaya ndi maganizo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa chisangalalo chopeza. Kukondera kumeneku kungayambitse zisankho zolakwika, monga kupitiriza kutaya masheya kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyembekeza kuti abwezanso kapena kugulitsa masheya omwe apambana posachedwa kuti apeze phindu.
Maganizo a Gulu ndi kukondera komwe osunga ndalama amatsata zomwe ena akuchita m'malo mopanga zisankho paokha. Izi zitha kubweretsa kugwa kwachuma komanso kuwonongeka, popeza osunga ndalama amagula m'misika yotsika mtengo kapena kugulitsa mwamantha panthawi yakutsika kwa msika, nthawi zambiri nthawi yolakwika.
Pomaliza, Recency Bias ndi pamene osunga ndalama amapanga zosankha potengera zochitika kapena zochitika zaposachedwapa, poganiza kuti zomwe zachitika posachedwa zidzapitirira mpaka mtsogolo. Izi zingayambitse kuthamangitsa ntchito, kumene osunga ndalama amagula masheya kapena ndalama zomwe zachita bwino posachedwapa, kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti ntchito zakale sizikuwonetsa zotsatira zamtsogolo.
Kumvetsetsa zokondera izi ndi sitepe yoyamba yochepetsera zomwe zingakhudze zisankho zathu zachuma. Pozindikira zokondera izi ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti zichepetse, osunga ndalama amatha kupanga zisankho zomveka komanso zodziwitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotulukapo zabwino zogulira pakapita nthawi.
3.1. Kudzidalira Mopambanitsa
Pankhani yoyika ndalama komanso kupanga zisankho zachuma, psychology imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zamaganizidwe zotere zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudza machitidwe amunthu, makamaka posankha ndalama, ndi kudzidalira mopambanitsa kukondera. Kukondera kwachidziwitso kumeneku kumapangitsa anthu kukhulupirira kuti chidziwitso, luso, kapena chidziwitso chawo ndichapamwamba kuposa momwe zilili. Amakonda kuwoneratu kulondola kwawoko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zisankho zowononga ndalama.
Kudzidalira mopambanitsa Zitha kutenga mitundu yambiri, monga chinyengo chowongolera, pomwe munthu amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazochitika kuposa momwe amachitira. Mwachitsanzo, zina traders angakhulupirire kuti akhoza kulosera za kayendedwe ka msika kapena kuwongolera zotsatira za ndalama zawo. Zowona zake, zinthu zambiri zomwe woyimilira sangathe kuzilamulira zimakhudza msika. Mtundu wina ndi kukondera kwabwinoko kuposa pafupifupi, komwe anthu amangoyerekeza luso lawo kapena momwe amagwirira ntchito poyerekeza ndi ena. Ngakhale kuti n'zosatheka kuwerengera, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi oyendetsa bwino, osunga ndalama, ndipo ngakhale okonda kuposa pafupifupi, zomwe zingayambitse khalidwe loopsa.
kumvetsa kudzidalira mopambanitsa kukondera ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse zotsatira zake. Kudziwa kukondera kumeneku kungathandize anthu kupanga zisankho zoyenera komanso zoyenera, makamaka pazovuta zazikulu monga kuyika ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, imalimbikitsa kudzichepetsa komanso kufunafuna malangizo akunja. Mwa kuvomereza kupereŵera kwa chidziŵitso ndi maluso a munthu, anthu angapange zosankha anzeru ndi kupeŵa mbuna za kudzidalira mopambanitsa.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kudzidalira mopambanitsa kukondera sizoyipa mwachibadwa. Nthaŵi zina, likhoza kulimbikitsa anthu kuti achite zinthu zimene zingawawonongeretu n’kuyesetsa kukhala ndi zolinga zabwino. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndicho kukhala ndi malire pakati pa chidaliro ndi kudzichepetsa, kuvomereza kuti munthu ali ndi luso pamene akudziŵa zopereŵera zake.
Njira zoyendetsera ndalama zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira za kudzidalira mopambanitsa ndi monga kusiyanasiyana, kusinthasintha kawirikawiri, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, osati yaifupi, yogulitsa ndalama. Njirazi zingathandize kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kudzidalira kwambiri pa zosankha zamalonda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino zachuma.
Kudzidalira mopambanitsa ndizochitika komanso zamphamvu zamaganizo zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri khalidwe laumunthu. Pomvetsetsa zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera zotsatira zake, anthu amatha kupanga zisankho zanzeru, zodziwa zambiri pazachuma ndi mbali zina za moyo.
3.2. Chitsimikizo Chokondera
Kumvetsetsa lingaliro la kutsimikizira kukondera n'kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse mmene ife monga anthu timachitira ndi kupanga zosankha. Kaŵirikaŵiri, timakonda kukondetsa chidziŵitso chimene chimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro kapena malingaliro athu omwe alipo kale, osalingalira mochepera zotheka zina. Kukondera kumeneku kungakhudze kwambiri njira yathu yopangira zisankho, zomwe zimatipangitsa kupanga ziganizo zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikhulupirira kuti ndalama zina zimakhala zopindulitsa, titha kufunafuna zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhulupirirochi, kwinaku tikunyalanyaza zomwe zimatsutsana nazo.
Kutsimikizika kokhazikika sichimangokhala pazosankha zachuma; chimakhudza mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, m’zandale, anthu amavomereza mfundo zimene zimagwirizana ndi maganizo awo andale ndi kukana zomwe sizikugwirizana nazo. Mu sayansi, ofufuza angakonde mosadziwa zotsatira zomwe zimatsimikizira malingaliro awo, kunyalanyaza zomwe zimawatsutsa.
Komanso, kutsimikiza mtima kungachititse kuti pakhale chodabwitsa chotchedwa 'kupirira kwa chikhulupiriro,' pamene anthu amapitirizabe kulimbikira zikhulupiriro zawo, ngakhale zitaperekedwa umboni wotsutsana nazo. Izi zitha kulepheretsa kukula kwamunthu ndi luso, chifukwa zimalepheretsa anthu kutsutsa malingaliro awo ndikufufuza malingaliro atsopano.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kutsimikiza mtima zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha 'kudziwonetsera mwachisankho,' kumene anthu mwadala amadzizungulira ndi chidziwitso chogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo. Kukondera kumeneku kungathe kuchepetsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa dziko lapansi, chifukwa kumapanga chipinda cha echo chomwe chimalimbitsa zikhulupiriro zathu ndi tsankho zomwe zilipo.
Imodzi mwa njira zopambana kutsimikiza mtima ndiko kufunafuna mwachangu ndi kulingalira mfundo zotsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro zathu. Mchitidwewu, womwe umadziwika kuti 'disconfirmation bias,' umathandizira kutsutsa malingaliro athu ndikukulitsa malingaliro athu. Ndi bwinonso kukambirana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, chifukwa izi zingatipatse malingaliro atsopano ndi malingaliro atsopano.
Kutsimikizika kokhazikika ndi mbali yozama kwambiri ya kuzindikira kwaumunthu, ndipo si chinthu chomwe tingachigonjetse mosavuta. Komabe, pozindikira ndi kuyesetsa kutsutsa malingaliro athu, titha kupanga zosankha zanzeru komanso zanzeru.
3.3. Kutaya Kukhumudwa
Kuchokera kumalingaliro azachuma amakhalidwe, kusokonezeka ndi lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limakhudza kwambiri momwe timapangira zisankho zachuma. Kukondera kwachidziwitso kumeneku, kokhazikika m'malingaliro aumunthu, kumasonyeza chizolowezi chokonda kupewa kutayika m'malo mopeza phindu lofanana. M'mawu osavuta, kupweteka kwa kutaya kumakhala m'maganizo mowirikiza kawiri kuposa chisangalalo chopeza, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayambitsa kupanga zisankho zopanda nzeru pankhani zachuma.
Kutaya mtima kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi chisinthiko chathu chakale. Anthu asintha n’cholinga chofuna kuika patsogolo kukhala ndi moyo, ndipo m’nthaŵi zakale, kutaya kulikonse kungayambitse mavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo imfa. Mawaya achilengedwe awa kuti asatayike apititsidwa patsogolo kuzisankho zathu zamakono. Poganizira momwe ndalama zimakhalira, munthu yemwe akhudzidwa ndi kutayika kwachuma akhoza kukhalabe ndi katundu wotayika kwa nthawi yayitali, akuyembekeza kuti abwereranso, pomwe lingaliro lomveka lingakhale kuchepetsa zotayikazo ndikupitilira.
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kudana ndi kutaya kumangopitilira nkhani zandalama. Zimakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wathu, kuphatikizapo zosankha zokhudza thanzi, maubwenzi, ngakhale zosankha za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, anthu nthawi zambiri amangokhalira kugwira ntchito zomwe sakonda chifukwa amawopa 'kutaya' komwe kungabwere chifukwa chosintha ntchito, monga kusakhazikika kapena kuphunzira pamalo atsopano.
Mphamvu ya kukana kutayika imakulitsidwa ndi kukondera kwina kwachidziwitso komwe kumatchedwa mphamvu yothandizira. Izi zikutanthawuza za mtengo wapamwamba umene anthu amaika pa zinthu chifukwa chakuti ali nazo, zomwe zimakulitsa mantha otaya. Mwachitsanzo, wina akhoza kuyamikira tikiti yomwe ali nayo ku konsati yotchuka kwambiri kuposa zomwe angafune kulipira poyamba.
Kumvetsetsa ndi kuvomereza zotsatira za kutayidwa kungathandize kupanga zisankho zomveka bwino, zopanda maganizo. Imalimbikitsa njira yabwino kwambiri chiopsezo ndi mphotho, zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa makamaka pazochitika zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, kutengera njira ngati zosiyana zingathandize kuchepetsa kutayika komwe kungatheke, potero kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa za kudana ndi kutaya.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwa kukhumudwa kotayika kungathandizenso kukulitsa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, makampani nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamitengo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kuopa kutayika poyendetsa malonda, monga zopereka zanthawi yochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusowa komanso changu. Momwemonso, popanga zisankho zaumwini, kumvetsetsa kukondera kumeneku kungathandize anthu kupanga zosankha zawo pazotsatsa zawo.vantage. Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa zopereka zokha ku akaunti yosunga ndalama kumatha kuyika ndalama ngati phindu, pomwe kusatero kungawoneke ngati kutayika.
Kudana ndi kutaya, ngakhale kuti kwazika mizu mwa ife, sikungatheke. Ndi kuzindikira, kumvetsetsa, ndi kupanga zisankho mwanzeru, titha kuyang'anira ndikuwonjezera kukondera kumeneku pazamalonda athu.vantage, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zosankha zabwino zachuma ndi moyo.
4. Njira Zothetsera Makhalidwe Abwino
Kuti muyende bwino m'misika yazachuma ndikupanga zisankho zabwino zogulira, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa ndikuthana ndi tsankho zomwe zingasokoneze malingaliro anu. Kukondera kumodzi kotere ndi kusokonezeka, chizoloŵezi chachibadwa choopa kuluza kuposa mmene timaonera phindu. Kukondera kumeneku kungayambitse njira yoyendetsera ndalama yoyendetsedwa ndi mantha, pomwe osunga ndalama amangotaya nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe ayenera kukhalira ndi chiyembekezo chakusintha. Kuti muthane ndi izi, gwiritsani ntchito njira yoyendetsera bwino yomwe imayika malire omwe adakonzedweratu kuti agulitse motayika. Njirayi ikuthandizani kuti mupewe kupanga zisankho komanso kuvomereza zotayika zazing'ono ngati njira yayikulu yopangira ndalama.
Kenako, tili kutsimikiza mtima, chizoloŵezi chofuna kufunafuna ndi kupatsa mphamvu zambiri kuzinthu zomwe zimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zathu zomwe zilipo kale. Kukondera kumeneku kungapangitse kuti munthu asamaganize molakwika za zomwe angachite pogulitsa ndalama komanso kudzidalira mopambanitsa pa zimene waneneratu. Kuti mugonjetse tsankholi, fufuzani mwachangu malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikuganizira zonse zomwe zilipo, ngakhale zikutsutsana ndi zomwe mumaganiza poyamba.
Kukondera posachedwa ndi kukondera kwina kofala kwamakhalidwe, komwe osunga ndalama amapereka kulemera kwakukulu ku zochitika zaposachedwa pomwe akunyalanyaza mbiri yakale. Izi zitha kupangitsa zisankho zachidule za ndalama. Kuti muthane ndi izi, pendani nthawi zonse momwe ndalama zanu zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe ndalama zanu zimayendera, m'malo mongoyang'ana zochitika zamsika zaposachedwa.
Pomaliza, pali malingaliro a ng'ombe, mtima wofuna kutsatira khamu la anthu. Izi zingayambitse kugula kwakukulu ndi kugulitsa zochepa, zosiyana ndi njira yabwino yopangira ndalama. M'malo mwake, yesetsani kukhala ndi malingaliro odziyimira pawokha, kutengera zosankha zanu pakufufuza kwanu komanso kusanthula kwanu m'malo motengera zomwe zikuchitika pamsika.
Pomaliza, pomvetsetsa zokondera izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zothana nazo, mutha kusintha njira zanu zopangira zisankho ndikukulitsa magwiridwe antchito anu onse. Kumbukirani, kugulitsa bwino kumafuna kudziletsa, kuleza mtima, ndi njira yolinganizidwa bwino. Musalole kukondera kwa makhalidwe kukulepheretsani kuchita bwino pazachuma.
4.1. Chidziwitso ndi Maphunziro
Kumvetsetsa kufunika kobadwa nako Kuzindikira monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndichofunika kwambiri. M’dziko limene limakhala losinthika komanso lodzadza ndi zambiri, luso lathu lotha kuzindikira zinthu za m’dzikoli, kuzindikira zinthu zongopeka, ndi kukulitsa malingaliro odziŵika bwino ndi luso lamtengo wapatali. Chidziwitso sichinthu chodziyimira pawokha, koma chimalumikizidwa ndi chilengedwe maphunziro.
Maphunziro, m'mawonekedwe ake enieni, sikungopeza chidziwitso, koma ndikutha kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsocho pazochitika zenizeni. Ndi njira yomwe timaphunzira kudzimvetsetsa tokha, ena, ndi dziko lotizungulira. Ndi ulendo wamoyo wonse umene umayamba kuchokera pamene tinabadwa ndipo umapitirira mpaka kupuma kwathu komaliza.
Kudziwa nokha ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la maphunziro lomwe nthawi zambiri limamanyalanyazidwa m'machitidwe ophunzirira wamba. Kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira mmene tikumvera, mphamvu zathu, zofooka zathu, zisonkhezero, zikhulupiriro, ndi zolinga zathu, ndi kuzindikira mmene zimakhudzira ena. Ndilo sitepe yoyamba yopezera nzeru zamaganizo, khalidwe lofunika kwambiri masiku ano.
Kuzindikira zachilengedwe ndi gawo lina lofunikira. Monga anthu okhala padziko lapansili, ndi udindo wathu kumvetsetsa momwe zochita zathu zimakhudzira chilengedwe komanso kuyesetsa kukhala ndi moyo wokhazikika. Maphunziro ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa kuzindikira kumeneku, potiphunzitsa za mmene chilengedwe chimayendera bwino, zotsatira za zochita za anthu pa chilengedwe, ndiponso zimene tingachite kuti tichepetse mmene chilengedwe chimayendera.
Dziko la kuzindikira chikhalidwe chachikulu komanso chovuta. Popeza kudalirana kwa mayiko kukuchititsa kuti anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana azigwirizana kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, m’pofunika kwambiri kumvetsa ndi kulemekeza kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe. Maphunziro angathandize kuthetsa maganizo olakwika, kulimbikitsa chifundo, ndi kulimbikitsa mtendere ndi kumvetsetsana pakati pa anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
Kudziwitsa zandalama ndi mbali ina imene maphunziro angathandize kwambiri. Kuyambira kumvetsetsa zoyambira za bajeti ndikusunga mpaka kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino zazachuma, maphunziro azachuma amatha kupatsa mphamvu anthu, kuchepetsa umphawi, ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma.
M'zaka za digito, cyber kuzindikira watulukira ngati malire atsopano a maphunziro. Pamene tikuwononga nthawi yambiri pa intaneti, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwa dziko lamakono, monga cyberbullying, kuba zidziwitso, ndi intaneti. zonyansa. Maphunziro atha kupereka zida zofunikira kuti muyendetse dziko la digito mosamala komanso moyenera.
Pomaliza, kuzindikira ndi maphunziro ndi mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi, iliyonse ikukulitsa ndi kuthandizira ina. Polimbikitsa kuzindikira kudzera m'maphunziro, titha kudzipatsa mphamvu tokha komanso ena kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino, kuchita zinthu mwanzeru ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo pamapeto pake, kukhala ndi moyo wokhutiritsa. Monga mawu otchuka a Nelson Mandela amapita, "Maphunziro ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kusintha dziko".
4.2. Kusiyanasiyana
Kuyika ndalama pachinthu chimodzi kapena kungoyang'ana pa luso limodzi ndikofanana ndi kuyika mazira anu mudengu limodzi. Ngati akasinja imodzi yosungiramo ndalama kapena ngati luso lanu latha, simukusowa kanthu. Apa ndi pamene kufunika kwa zosiyana amabwera mkati.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi ndalama, lingaliro la kusiyanasiyana limagwiranso ntchito pakupanga umunthu wokwanira waumunthu ndi luso. Monga momwe zimafalitsira chiwopsezo pamabizinesi osiyanasiyana, kusiyanitsa luso lanu ndi zochitika zanu zingathandize chitetezo ku zosayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati luso limodzi likhala lopanda ntchito chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kukhala ndi luso lina loyambiranso kumatha kupulumutsa moyo.
Kusiyanasiyana pamaphunziro ndi zofunikanso. Zimalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa ndi kuyamikiridwa kwakukulu kwa maphunziro osiyanasiyana, zomwe zingayambitse luso lachidziwitso ndi zatsopano. Ithanso kukupatsirani mawonekedwe adziko lonse lapansi, kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa ndikulumikizana ndi anthu ochokera kumadera ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
Zikafika pakukula kwa ntchito, kusiyanasiyana kumatha kukhala kosintha kwenikweni. Kusiyanasiyana kwamaluso anu sikuti zimangowonjezera luso lanu komanso zimakupatsirani kuwonetseredwa kumakampani osiyanasiyana, maudindo, ndi malingaliro. Izi zitha kukulitsa luso lanu lotha kusintha, ndikupangitsa kuti mukhale osangalatsa kwa omwe angakhale olemba ntchito.
Pankhani ya kukula kwa munthu, kusiyanasiyana kungapangitse kulimba mtima. Mukakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, mumakulitsa njira zingapo zothanirana nazo. Izi zitha kukuthandizani kuti muzitha kuyang'ana zokwera ndi zotsika zamoyo.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti kusiyanasiyana sikubweretsa kusowa kwa chidwi kapena ukatswiri pagawo lililonse. Kukwaniritsa kulinganiza pakati pa kufalikira ndi kuya ndikofunikira. Ndi za kukhala ndi a kuphunzira, komanso kuthandizira ndi chidziwitso ndi luso lambiri.
Chifukwa chake, monga momwe mungasungire ndalama zosiyanasiyana, maluso osiyanasiyana, zokumana nazo, ndi chidziwitso zimatha kupereka chitetezo, kulimbikitsa luso, kukulitsa kusinthika, ndikulimbitsa mphamvu. Ndi njira yomwe ingathe kulipira phindu pazachuma ndi anthu.
4.3. Kugwiritsa ntchito alangizi a Robo
Kubwera kwaukadaulo mu gawo lazachuma kwabweretsa masinthidwe ambiri, ndipo chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri ndicho kukwera kwa alangizi a robo. Awa ndi nsanja za digito zomwe zimapereka ntchito zokonzekera zachuma mokhazikika, zoyendetsedwa ndi algorithm osayang'aniridwa ndi anthu. Mlangizi wa robo amasonkhanitsa zambiri kuchokera kwa makasitomala za momwe alili zachuma ndi zolinga zamtsogolo kudzera mu kafukufuku wa pa intaneti, ndiyeno amagwiritsa ntchito deta kuti apereke uphungu ndikuyika ndalama za kasitomala.
Malonda oyambavantage a robo-advisors ndi awo mtengo wogwira. Alangizi azachuma achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amalipira pakati pa 1% mpaka 2% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimayendetsedwa, pomwe alangizi a robo nthawi zambiri amalipiritsa ndalama zotsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 0.25% mpaka 0.50% yazinthu zomwe zimayang'aniridwa. Izi, kuphatikiza ndi ndalama zochepa zomwe zimafunikira kuti muyambe kuyika ndalama, zimapangitsa alangizi a robo kukhala njira yofikira kwa omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa.
Phindu lina la alangizi a robo ndi lawo kuphweka ndi kuphweka. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupeza maakaunti awo kulikonse komanso nthawi iliyonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyang'anira ndalama ndikusintha ngati kuli kofunikira. Zochita zokha za mautumikiwa zimachotsanso malingaliro oyika ndalama, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kupanga zisankho zolakwika.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito alangizi a robo kumabweranso ndi ochepa disadvantages. Njira yawo yochokera ku algorithm imasowa kukhudza kwamunthu zomwe alangizi aumunthu angapereke. Mwachitsanzo, sangamvetsetse zovuta zachuma za kasitomala monga momwe munthu angachitire. Kuphatikiza apo, alangizi a robo nthawi zambiri amatsatira a khazikitsani njira yoyendetsera ndalama kutengera mfundo za Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi malingaliro a kasitomala ena.
Ngakhale kuti alangizi a robo alidi nzeru zatsopano muzachuma, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika zaumwini ndi zomwe amakonda. Iwo omwe amasankha njira yaumwini, yachizolowezi akhoza kukhala bwino ndi mlangizi waumunthu. Komabe, kwa iwo omwe amaona kuti mtengo wake ndi wosavuta komanso wosavuta, alangizi a robo akhoza kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Kaya mwasankha njira iti, chinsinsi ndichoti khalani odziwa ndi mwachangu kusamalira ndalama zanu kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirizana ndi zolinga zanu zachuma.
5. Kutsiliza
Kumvetsetsa zovuta, kusiyanasiyana, ndi kuthekera kwa anthu Ndikofunikira pakupanga zisankho zilizonse, kaya mu bizinesi, ndale, kapena maubale. Tikamalankhula za anthu, tikunena za zinthu zambirimbiri - kuyambira pachilengedwe kupita kumalingaliro amalingaliro, kuchokera ku zikhalidwe mpaka zokumana nazo zamunthu. Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kuti munthu aliyense akhale wapadera ndipo palimodzi zimapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu.
Kumvetsetsa zamaganizo ndi mbali imodzi yofunika. Anthu samangoyendetsedwa ndi malingaliro kapena chibadwa cha kupulumuka, komanso ndi malingaliro, zikhulupiriro, ndi zikhalidwe. Tili ndi luso loganiza, kulingalira, ndi kupanga zisankho motengera momwe zinthu zilili m'malingaliro athu komanso momwe timamvera. Komanso, anthu ali ndi luso lapadera lodzizindikira, kudzipenda, ndi kusinkhasinkha, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri khalidwe ndi kusankha zochita.
Biology ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri. Ubongo wamunthu, wokhala ndi ma neuron ndi masinapse, ndiwo chiwalo chocholoŵana kwambiri m’chilengedwe chonse chodziŵika. Limachititsa maganizo athu, maganizo athu, ndi makhalidwe athu. Kumvetsetsa zamoyo wamunthu, monga genetics, neurobiology, ndi physiology, kutha kupereka chidziwitso chakuya pamakhalidwe amunthu komanso kuthekera kosintha.
Zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimathandizanso kumvetsetsa anthu. Ndife zolengedwa zamagulu omwe timakhala ndikuchita bwino m'madera. Zikhalidwe zathu, madera athu, ndi maubwenzi athu amaumba malingaliro athu, zikhulupiriro, ndi makhalidwe athu. Kuzindikira zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kungatithandize kumvetsetsa kulemera ndi kusiyana kwa zochitika ndi malingaliro a anthu.
Zokumana nazo zaumwini komanso kusiyana kwamunthu payekha nawonso amakhala ndi maudindo akuluakulu. Munthu aliyense ali ndi mbiri yapadera ya moyo yomwe imapangidwa ndi zochitika zambiri. Zochitika zimenezi, limodzi ndi kusiyana kwa umunthu, luntha, ndi mikhalidwe ina, zimathandiza kuti munthu aliyense akhale wapadera.
Zomwe anthu angathe kuchita ndiye chimaliziro cha zinthu zonsezi. Anthu ali ndi luso lodabwitsa la kuphunzira, kulenga, kusintha, ndi kukula. Kuthekera kumeneku sikukhazikika koma kumatha kupangidwa ndikukulitsidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga maphunziro, maphunziro, ndi ntchito zachitukuko.
Kwenikweni, kumvetsetsa anthu ndi ntchito yamitundumitundu yomwe imafuna njira yokwanira. Kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi kuyamikira kucholowana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa chibadwa cha anthu, komanso kuvomereza kuthekera kwakukulu komwe kulipo mwa munthu aliyense. Kumvetsetsa uku kungatitsogolere pakukulitsa ubale wachifundo, wophatikiza, komanso wogwira mtima, magulu, ndi mabungwe.
5.1. Kubwereza Za Kufunika Kwa Kumvetsetsa Makhalidwe Aumunthu Pakugulitsa
Njira zoyendetsera ndalama nthawi zambiri zimayendera manambala, ma chart, ndi zizindikiro zachuma. Komabe, khalidwe laumunthu silinganyalanyazidwe chifukwa limakhudza kwambiri zosankha zamalonda. Khalidwe laumunthu poika ndalama amatanthauza njira yopangira zisankho zandalama potengera malingaliro, kukondera, komanso malingaliro.
Otsatsa ndalama sakhala oganiza bwino nthawi zonse, ndipo zosankha zawo nthawi zambiri zimatengera malingaliro awo. Mwachitsanzo, mantha ndi dyera ndi malingaliro awiri oyamba omwe amakhudza kwambiri zisankho zandalama. Mantha angachititse osunga ndalama kugulitsa ndalama zawo pamtengo wotsika pamene msika ukugwa, pamene umbombo ungawapangitse kugula zambiri panthawi yachitukuko cha msika, zomwe zingapangitse kuti ayambe kugulitsa zinthu zamtengo wapatali.
Kutsimikizika kokhazikika ndi khalidwe lina lomwe limakhudza kuika ndalama. Apa ndi pamene osunga ndalama amafunafuna zambiri zomwe zimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zawo zomwe zilipo ndikunyalanyaza zomwe zimatsutsana nazo. Kukondera kotereku kungayambitse zisankho zolakwika chifukwa kumachepetsa kawonedwe ndikuchepetsa kuganiziridwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama.
Komanso, malingaliro a ng'ombe zingakhudze kwambiri njira yoyendetsera ndalama. Otsatsa malonda nthawi zambiri amatsatira khamu la anthu, makamaka panthawi yakusakhazikika kwa msika. Ngakhale kuti izi nthawi zina zimatha kubweretsa phindu lazachuma, zimathanso kuwononga kwambiri ngati gulu likulowera njira yolakwika.
Kudzidalira mopambanitsa ndi khalidwe lina lomwe lingathe kusokoneza zisankho za ndalama. Odzidalira mopambanitsa amakonda kukhulupirira kuti ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba kapena luso lolosera zamsika, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Kumvetsetsa machitidwe awa kungathandize osunga ndalama kupanga zisankho zomveka komanso zomveka. Pozindikira momwe amamvera komanso kukondera, osunga ndalama amatha kuyesetsa kuwawongolera ndikuwaletsa kusokoneza njira yawo yoyendetsera ndalama. Izi zitha kubweretsa zisankho zogwira mtima kwambiri zogulira komanso kubweza ndalama zambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa osunga ndalama pawokha, alangizi azachuma angapindulenso pomvetsetsa khalidwe laumunthu poika ndalama. Alangizi atha kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi kuti amvetsetse zosowa ndi machitidwe amakasitomala awo, kuwathandiza kupereka upangiri wamunthu komanso wothandiza.
Kuphatikiza apo, makampani ndi mabungwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zamakhalidwe amunthu kukonza njira zawo zamabizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, atha kugwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa kumeneku kupanga zinthu ndi ntchito zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa ndi zomwe makasitomala awo amakonda, potero kukulitsa malonda awo ampikisano.vantage.
Ngakhale kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa khalidwe la anthu pakuyika ndalama, ndizovuta komanso zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira kosalekeza ndi kufufuza ndikofunikira kwa osunga ndalama, alangizi, ndi makampani chimodzimodzi. Komabe, phindu lomwe lingakhalepo ndilofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera kwa aliyense amene akukhudzidwa ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama.
5.2. Tsogolo la Zachuma pa Makhalidwe
Pamene tikulowera m'tsogolomu, pali zochitika zingapo zodziwika bwino zomwe zikutuluka muzachuma zamakhalidwe zomwe zimafunikira chidwi chathu. Choyamba, kuphatikiza kwa Nzeru zochita kupanga (AI) ndi Machine Learning (ML) mu khalidwe zachuma zikuchulukirachulukira. Ukadaulo uwu uli ndi kuthekera kosintha momwe timamvetsetsa ndikutanthauzira machitidwe amunthu popanga zisankho zachuma. Angathe kusanthula deta yochuluka kwambiri, kuzindikira machitidwe ndi zochitika zomwe zingakhale zovuta, kapena zosatheka, kuti anthu azindikire. Izi zitha kupangitsa kulosera kolondola kwambiri kwamakhalidwe amsika komanso njira zogwirira ntchito zogulira.
Chinthu chinanso chochititsa chidwi ndicho kuwonjezereka kwa maganizo zachuma zamalingaliro. Kagawo kakang'ono kazachuma kakhalidwe kameneka kamayang'ana pamalingaliro ndi malingaliro pakuyika ndalama, ndicholinga chomvetsetsa momwe malingaliro amakhudzira zosankha zachuma. Pamene tikupita patsogolo, tikhoza kuyembekezera kuwona kafukufuku wambiri ndi ntchito zothandiza m'derali, monga kupanga zida ndi njira zothandizira osunga ndalama kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino maganizo awo ndikupanga zisankho zomveka bwino.
Kukwera kwa neurofinance ndi njira ina yowonera. Gawo latsopanoli limaphatikiza sayansi yaubongo ndi ndalama kuti tifufuze momwe ubongo wathu umasinthira zidziwitso zachuma ndikupanga zisankho. Neurofinance ikhoza kupereka zidziwitso zofunikira pazanzeru zomwe zimakhudzidwa popanga zisankho zachuma, zomwe zitha kubweretsa maphunziro abwino azachuma ndi upangiri.
Kukula kuzindikira kufunika kwa kudziwa zachuma ilinso chizolowezi choyenera kuzindikila. Pali kuzindikira kochulukirachulukira kuti machitidwe azachuma a anthu amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi luso lawo lazachuma. Chifukwa chake, pali chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha maphunziro azachuma ochulukirapo kuti athandizire anthu kupanga zisankho zazachuma mwanzeru. Izi zingapangitse kusintha kwa momwe ntchito zachuma zimaperekera, ndikuyang'ana kwambiri maphunziro ndi kupatsa mphamvu.
Pomaliza, tsogolo la zachuma zamakhalidwe limatha kuwona kutsindika kwambiri Kudzikonda. Podziwa kuti munthu aliyense ndi wapadera, ali ndi makhalidwe ake, zomwe amakonda, ndi zokondera, pali njira yomwe ikukula yopereka uphungu ndi ntchito zandalama. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wa AI ndi ML kusanthula momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito pazachuma ndikusintha ntchito zawo kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa ndi mikhalidwe yawo.
Zochitika zonsezi zikuwonetsa kuti tsogolo lazachuma pamakhalidwe lidzakhala lotsogola kwambiri, lokhazikika pamunthu, komanso lamunthu payekha, ndikuwunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa ndikuwongolera machitidwe azachuma amunthu.
